Hugenotit
| Osa artikkelisarjaa |
| Kalvinismi ja reformoidut kirkot |
|---|
 |
|
Tausta ja historia |
Hugenotit olivat Ranskan protestantteja. Hugenotit-nimitystä käytettiin Ranskassa 1500- ja 1600-luvulla protestanttiseen kalvinistiseen kirkkoon kuuluvista henkilöistä.[1] Sanan alkuperä on epävarma, mutta se on mahdollisesti johdettu Besançon Huguesin nimestä tai sveitsiläistä tarkoittavan saksalaisen sanan Eidgenosse ranskalaisesta muodosta.
Hugenotit joutuivat uskonnollisen sorron kohteeksi, ja Ranskassa käytiin useita sisällissotia hugenottien ja katolisten välillä vuosina 1562–1598. Hugenotit olivat kuninkaanvallan kannalta vaarallisia, koska heidän uudet oppinsa eivät olleet valtionuskonnon aseman saaneen katolilaisuuden mukaisia. Sen vuoksi hugenotteja vainottiin syytettyinä kerettiläisyydestä.[2] Ranskan kuninkaan Henrik IV:n Nantesin edikti antoi hugenoteille uskonnonvapauden vuonna 1598. Aurinkokuningas Ludvig XIV kuitenkin kumosi sen vuonna 1685. Seurauksena oli noin 250 000 hugenotin maastapako. Pakolaiset siirtyivät muun muassa Brandenburgiin, Englantiin ja Alankomaihin. Hugenottien vaino päättyi lopullisesti vasta vuonna 1764, ja Ranskan suuren vallankumouksen aikaan vuonna 1787 he saivat täydet kansalaisoikeudet ja vuonna 1789 täyden uskonnonvapauden.[1]
Kuuluisia hugenottitaustaisia[muokkaa | muokkaa wikitekstiä]
- Benjamin Henry Latrobe (1764–1820), arkkitehti[3]
- Le Corbusier (1887–1965), arkkitehti[4]
- Richard Leplastrier (1939-), australialainen arkkitehti[5]
- Gottfried Semper (1803–1879), saksalainen arkkitehti[6]
- Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi (1834–1904), ranskalainen kuvanveistäjä[7]
- Frédéric Bazille (1841–1870), ranskalainen taidemaalari[8]
- Sébastien Bourdon (1616–1671), ranskalainen taidemaalari[9]
- Mary Cassatt, ranskalainen taidemaalari[10]
- Jean-Étienne Liotard (1702–1789), sveitsiläinen taidemaalari[11]
- Adolph Menzel (1815–1905), saksalainen taidemaalari[12][13]
- John Everett Millais (1829–1896), brittiläinen pilapiirtäjä[14]
- Frederic Remington, amerikkalainen kuvanveistäjä
- John Tenniel (1820–1914), pilapiirtäjä[15]
- Lou Andreas-Salomé (1861–1937), venäläinen psykoanalyytikko [16][17]
- Daniel Bovet (1907–1992), farmakologi[18][19]
- Ambroise Paré (1509–1590), ranskalainen kirurgi[20]
- Ferdinand Buisson (1841–1932), opettaja, akateemikko[21]
- Isaac Casaubon, antiikintutkija[22]
- Esther Duflo (1972-), ranskalainen taloustieteilijä[23]
- Austen Henry Layard (1817–1894), brittiläinen arkeologi[14]
- Frédéric Passy (1822–1912), ranskalainen taloustieteilijä[24]
- Tom Brokaw (syntynyt 1940), amerikkalainen TV -toimittaja[25]
- Rian Malan (1954–), eteläafrikkalainen toimittaja[26][27] [28]
- Louise Weiss (1893–1983), ranskalainen journalisti[29][30]
- Wallis Simpson (1896–1986), Kuningas Edward VIII:n puoliso[31]
- John Theophilus Desaguliers (1683–1744), kääntäjä[32][33]
- Sophie Blanchard (1778–1819), ilmapalloilija[34]
- Valentin Conrart (1603–1675), ranskalainen kirjailija[35]
- Charles J. Guiteau (1841–1882), amerikkalainen salamurhaaja[36][37]
- James Agee (1909–1955), amerikkalainen käsikirjoittaja[38][39]
- Humphrey Bogart (1899–1957), amerikkalainen näyttelijä[40][41]
- Marlon Brando (1924–2004), amerikkalainen näyttelijä[42][43][44]
- Christopher Cazenove (1943–2010), englantilainen näyttelijä[45]
- Timothée Chalamet (1995–), amerikkalainen näyttelijä[46][47]
- Charlie Chaplin (1889–1977), brittiläinen näyttelijä[48][49][50]
- Cyd Charisse (1921–2008), amerikkalainen näyttelijä [51]
- Jessica Chastain (1977–), amerikkalainen näyttelijä[42] [52]
- George Clooney (1961-), amerikkalainen näyttelijä[53]
- Rosemary Clooney (1928–2002), amerikkalainen jazzmuusikko [53]
- Olivia Colman (1974–), englantilainen näyttelijä[54][55]
- Alice Cooper (1948-),amerikkalainen heavy metal -laulaja[56][57][58]
- Gary Cooper (1901–1961), amerikkalainen näyttelijä[59][60]
- Daniel Craig (1968–), amerikkalainen näyttelijä[61]
- Joan Crawford (1905–1977), amerikkalainen näyttelijä[62] [42][42][63] [64][41]
- Bette Davis (1908–1989), amerikkalainen näyttelijä[65] [66][67][68]
- Jean Delannoy (1908–2008), ranskalainen näyttelijä[69]
- Paschal de l'Estocart (1538–1587), säveltäjä[70]
- Cara Delevingne (1992-), englantilainen näyttelijä [71]
- Cecil B. DeMille (1881–1959), amerikkalainen elokuvaohjaaja [72][73]
- Johnny Depp (1963–), amerikkalainen näyttelijä[74][42][75][76]
- Lily-Rose Depp (1999-), näyttelijä[41]
- Robert Duvall (1931–), näyttelijä[31][77]
- Brian Eno (1948–), englantilainen musiikintuottaja[78][79]
- Judy Garland (1922–1969), amerikkalainen jazzmuusikko[80][81][82] [83][84][85]
- David Garrick (1717–1779), englantilainen teaterinäyttelijä [86][87][88]
- Richard Gere, amerikkalainen näyttelijä[89]
- Jean-Luc Godard (1930–2022), ranskalainen elokuvaohjaaja [90][91][92] [93]
- Claude Goudimel (1520–1572), säveltäjä[94]
- Nikolaus Harnoncourt (1939–2016), itävaltainen kapellimestari[95][96]
- Audrey Hepburn (1929–1993), brittiläinen näyttelijä[97]
- Werner Herzog (1942-), sakslainen elokuvaohjaaja [98]
- Hozier (1990-), irlantilainen blues muusikko[99]
- Eddie Izzard, englantilainen näyttelijä[100][101]
- Derek Jacobi (1938–), englantilainen näyttelijä[102][103]
- Dakota Johnson (1989-), amerikkalainen näyttelijä[104][105]
- Don Johnson (1949-), englantilainen näyttelijä[104]
- Quincy Jones (1933-), amerikkalainen jazz ja blues muusikko[106]
- Val Kilmer (1959-), amerikkalainen näyttelijä[107]
- Nicholas Lanier (1588–1666), englantilainen säveltäjä[86]
- Simon Le Bon (1958-), englantilainen muusikko[108]
- Zachary Levi (1980-), amerikkalainen näyttelijä[109][110][111]
- Andrew Lincoln (1973-), englantilainen näyttelijä[112]
- Lorna Luft (1952–), amerikkalainen jazz muusikko [80][81]
- Clément Marot (1496–1544), runoilija[113]
- Liza Minnelli (1946–), amerikkalainen jazz muusikko[80][81]
- Jacques-Louis Monod (1927–2020), pianisti[114][93]
- Laurence Olivier (1907–1989), englantilainen näyttelijä [42][115][116] [117]
- Valerie Perrine (1943–), englantilainen näyttelijä[118][119]
- Jon Pertwee (1919–1996), englantilainen näyttelijä[120][121]
- Sean Pertwee (1964–), englantilainen näyttelijä[120]
- Joaquin Phoenix (1974-), amerikkalainen näyttelijä[122][123][124]
- River Phoenix (1970–1993), amerikkalainen näyttelijä[122][123][124]
- Tyrone Power (1914–1958), näyttelijä[125][126]
- Robert Redford (1936–), amerikkalainen näyttelijä[127][128][129]
- Keith Richards (1943-), englantilainen blues ja jazz muusikko[130][131]
- Julia Sawalha (1968–), englantilainen näyttleijä
- Nadia Sawalha (1964–), englantilainen näyttleijä[132][133]
- Léa Seydoux (1985–), ranskalainen näyttelijä[134][135][136][137]
- Delphine Seyrig (1932–1990), näyttelijä[138]
- Charlize Theron (1975–), eteläafrikkalainen näyttelijä[139][140][141]
- Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913), kielitieteilijä [142]
- David Thewlis (1963–), englantilainen näyttelijä[143][144]
- Mary Travers (1936–2009), amerikkalainen muusikko [42]
- Jimmie Vaughan (1951-), amerikkalainen blues ja jazz muusikko[145]
- Stevie Ray Vaughan (1954–1990), blues ja jazz muusikko[145]
- Isaac Watts (1674–1748), laulunkirjoittaja [146][147]
- Orson Welles, amerikkalainen näyttelijä [89]
- Wil Wheaton (1972-), amerikkalainen näyttelijä[148][149]
- Brian Wilson, amerikkalainen pop-muusikko[89]
- Carl Wilson, amerikkalainen pop-muusikko[89]
- Dennis Wilson, amerikkalainen pop-muusikko[89]
- Joanne Woodward (1930–), amerikkalainen näyttelijä[150][151][152]
- Karl Benz (1844–1929), saksalainen keksijä[153]
- Warren Buffett (1930–), sijoittaja[154]
- Gustaf de Laval, ruotsalainen insinööri [155]
- Howard Hughes, amerikkalainen teollisuusmies [156]
- John D. Rockefeller (1839–1937), amerikkalainen teollisuusmies[157]
- Jean-Baptiste Say (1767–1832), ranskalainen ekonomisti[158]
- Sam Walton (1918–1992), amerikkalainen liikemies [43]
- Maximilien de Béthune (1560–1641),ranskalainen valtiomies [159][160]
- François Guizot (1787–1874), ranskalainen historioitsija[161]
- Jules Michelet (1798–1874), historioitsija[162]
- Charles Read (1819–1898), historioitsija[163]
- Joseph Justus Scaliger (1540–1609), historioitsija[164]
- John Dollond (1706–1761), liikemies[165]
- Gustav Fabergé (1814–1894), venäläinen kultaseppä [166]
- Peter Carl Fabergé (1846–1920), venäläinen kultaseppä [166]
- Jean Pons, englantilainen kultaseppä [167]
- John Jay (1745–1829), amerikkalainen tuomari[168][169]
- Friedrich Carl von Savigny (1779–1861), saksalainen juristi[170]
- Roland Barthes (1915–1980), kirjallisuusteoreetikko[171][172] [159] [173]
- Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835), saksalainen kielitieteilijä[174][175]
- Petrus Ramus (1515–1572), filosofi[176]
- John André (1751–1780), brittiläinen majuri[177][178][179]
- Francis Beaufort (1774–1857), englantilainen hydrografi[180][181]
- Harry Chauvel (1865–1945), australialainen sotapäällikkö [182]
- Buffalo Bill Cody (1846–1917), amerikkalainen sotilas[85]
- Piet Cronje, buurikenraali[183]
- Peter de la Billière, brittiläinen sotilas
- Adolf Galland, saksalainen kenraali
- Henri Guisan, sveitsiläinen sotilas
- Petrus Jacobus Joubert, buurikenraali[184]
- Curtis LeMay (1906–1990), amerikkalainen kenraali
- Adolph Malan, eteläafrikkalainen lentäjä[184]
- Magnus Malan, eteläafrikkalainen sotilas [184]
- Hans-Joachim Marseille (1919–1942), saksalainen lentäjä[185]
- J. Johnston Pettigrew, amerikkalainen kenraali
- George Pickett, amerikkalainen kenraali
- Paul Revere (1735–1818), amerikkalainen hopeaseppä[186]
- Alan Shepard (1923–1998), amerikkalainen astronautti[127]
- Ernst Udet (1896–1941), saksalainen eversti[187]
- Constand Viljoen (1933–2020), eteläafrikkalainen kenraali[184]
- Hermann von François (1856–1933), sakslainen kenraali [188][189]
- Theodore Beza, ranskalainen teologi[190]
- Marc Boegner (1881–1970), teologi[191]
- Heinrich Bullinger (1504–1575), teologi[192]
- John Calvin (1509–1564), ranskalainen teologi[193][194]
- William Farel (1489–1565), teologi [195]
- Jacques Ellul (1912–1994), teologi [196][197]
- Beyers Naudé, eteläafrikkalainen pappi[28]
- Albert Schweitzer (1875–1965), teologi [198] [199] [200][201]
- Sydney Smith (1771–1845), satriirikko[202]
- Charles Spurgeon (1834–1892), pappi[203]
- Suzanne Curchod (1737–1794), sveitsiläinen seurapiirinainen [204][205]
- Henri Dunant (1828–1910), sveitsiläinen hyväntekijä [206]
- Daniel Legrand (1783–1858), hyväntekijät[207]
- Pierre Bayle (1647–1706), ranskalainen filosofi[208][209]
- Jacques Maritain (1882–1973), filosofi [210]
- James Martineau (1805–1900), englantilainen filosofi[211]
- Paul Ricœur (1913–2005), filosofi [212]
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778), sveitsiläinen filosofi[213][214][215]
- Samuel de Champlain (1567–1635), ranskalainen tutkimusmatkailija
- Davy Crockett (1786–1836), amerikkalainen kansantarinoiden sankarihahmo[216]
- Louis de Freycinet, ranskalainen tutkimusmatkailija[217]
- Tobias Furneaux (1735–1781), brittiläinen tutkimusmatkailija[218]
- Meriwether Lewis (1774–1809), amerikkalainen tutkimusmatkailija[219]
- Jedediah Smith, amerikkalainen tutkimusmatkailija
- Antoine Barnave (1761–1783), ranskalainen vallankumouksellinen[220]
- Pierre-Joseph Cambon (1756–1820), ranskalainen vallankumouksellinen[220][221]
- Winston Churchill (1874–1965), brittiläinen valtiomies [222][223][224]
- Georges Clemenceau (1841–1929), ranskalainen valtiomies[225]
- Richard Walther Darré (1895–1953), saksalainen politiikko[226][227]
- Charles de Freycinet, ranskalainen valtiomies[228]
- Frederik Willem de Klerk (1936–2021), eteläafrikkalainen valtiomies[229] [230]
- Lothar de Maizière (1940-), saksalainen politiikko[231]
- Thomas de Maizière (1954-), saksalaine politiikko[232][233][234]
- Maurice Couve de Murville (1907–1999), ranskalainen politiikko[235][236][237]
- Stephanus Jacobus du Toit (1847–1911) eteläafrikkalainen pappi[238][239]
- Friedrich Engels (1820–1895), saksainen teoreetikko [240][241][242]
- Nigel Farage (1964-), brittiläinen politiikko[243][244]
- Gerald Ford, Yhdysvaltain 38. presidentti [42]
- Jacobus Johannes Fouché (1898–1980), eteläafrikkalainen valtiomies[28][245]
- Al Gore, Yhdysvaltain entinen varapresidentti [246]
- Alexander Hamilton (1755–1804), amerikkalainen valtiomies[169]
- Georges-Eugène Haussmann (1809–1891), politiikko[247]
- Lyndon B. Johnson (1908–1973), Yhdysvaltain 36. presidentti[42]
- Lionel Jospin (1937–), ranskalainen politiikko [248][249]
- Pierre Joxe (1934-), ranskalainen politiikko[250]
- Robert M. La Follette (1855–1925) amerikkalainen senaattori[251][252]
- Daniel François Malan (1874–1959), eteläafrikkalainen valtiomies[28][27]
- Jean-Paul Marat (1743–1793), ranskalainen vallankumouksellinen[221][253][220]
- Jan Masaryk, tšekkoslovakialainen diplomaatti [254]
- Gouverneur Morris, amerikkalainen valtiomies[255]
- Jacques Necker (1732–1804), talousasiantuntija [256]
- Barack Obama, amerikkalainen Yhdysvaltain 44. presidentti[257][31]
- Sarah Palin, amerikkalainen politiikko[42]
- Timothy Raison, britttiläinen politiikko
- Piet Retief, buurjohtaja [258][259]
- Michel Rocard (1930–2016), ranskalainen politiikko[260][261]
- Franklin D. Roosevelt, Yhdysvaltain 32. presidentti [127]
- Theodore Roosevelt, Yhdysvaltain 26. presidentti[42]
- Thilo Sarrazin, saksalainen ekonomisti [262]
- William Taft, Yhdysvaltain 27 presidentti[42]
- Eugène Terre'Blanche (1941–2010), eteläafrikkalainen aktivisti[263]
- Charles Tupper (1821–1915), kanadalainen valtiomies
- George Washington (1732–1799), Yhdysvaltain 1. presidentti[169][264]
- Paul D. Boyer (1918–2018), amerikkalainen kemisti [265]
- Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806–1859), insinööri[266][267]
- Georges Cuvier (1769–1832), ranskalainen zoologi[268][269] [270][271]
- Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, sveitsiläinen botanisti[272][273]
- Abraham de Moivre (1667–1754), ranskalainen matemaatikko [32][274][275]
- Augustus De Morgan, brittiläinen matemaatikko[276]
- Emil du Bois-Reymond (1818–1896), saksalainen psykologi[277][278]
- Danie G. Krige (1919–2013), eteläafrikkalainen insinööri[279]
- Matthew Fontaine Maury, merimeteorologi
- Jacques Monod (1910–1976), biologi[280][281][282]
- Théodore Monod (1902–2000), tutkimusmatkailija[283]
- Denis Papin (1647–1713), keksijä[284][285][286]
- Francis Peyton Rous (1879–1970), amerikkalainen virologi [287]
- Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), saksalainen naturalisti[174]
- Piers Courage (1942–1970), englantilainen kilpa-ajaja
- Faf du Plessis (1984–), eteläafrikkalainen kriketinpelaaja[230]
- Olivier Giroud (1986-), ranskalainen jalkapalloilija[288][289][290][291]
- François Pienaar (1967–), eteläafrikkalainen rugbyn pelaaja[28][183]
- John Theophilus Desaguliers (1683–1744), kääntäjä [32][292]
- Willibald Alexis (1798–1871), saksalaine kirjailija[293]
- Samuel Beckett (1906–1989), irlantilainen novelisti[294][295]
- André Chamson (1900–1983), novelisti [296][297]
- Tracy Chevalier (1962–), amerikkalainen novelisti[91]
- Benjamin Constant (1767–1830), sveitsiläinen kirjailija[298]
- Agrippa d'Aubigné (1552–1630), ranskalainen runoilija[299]
- Louis de Bernières, englantilainen kirjailija[300][301][302]
- Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué (1777–1843), saksalainen kirjailija[303]
- Germaine de Staël (1766–1817), kirjailija[304]
- Daphne du Maurier (1907–1989), englantilainen kirjailija[305][306]
- Ian Fleming (1908–1964), brittiläinen kirjailija[307]
- Theodor Fontane (1819–1898), saksalainen novelisti[308]
- André Gide (1869–1951), ranskalainen kirjailija[309][310]
- Dashiell Hammett (1894–1961), amerikkalainen kirjailija [42] [311]
- Elsa Joubert, eteläafrikkalainen novelisti[312][28]
- Sheridan Le Fanu (1814–1873), irlantialinen kirjailija [313][314]
- Madeleine L'Engle, amerikkalainen kirjailija [315][316]
- Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, amerikkalainen runoilija
- Pierre Loti (1850–1923), ranskalainen kirjailija [317][318]
- Harriet Martineau (1802–1876), englantilainen novelisti [86][319]
- Charles Maturin (1780–1824), irlantilainen kirjailija [320]
- Kate Mosse, englantilainen kirjailija[321]
- Damon Runyon (1880–1946), amerikkalainen kirjailija[42]
- Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980), kirjailija[260]
- Mary Shelley, englantilainen kirjailija[322]
- Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862), amerikkalainen kirjailija[42]
- Dorothea Viehmann (1755–1816), saksalainen kirjailija [323]
- Evelyn Waugh (1903–1966), kirjailija [324]
- Edith Wharton (1862–1937), amerikkalainen novelisti [325]
- John Greenleaf Whittier (1807–1892), amerikkalainen runoilija[42]
- Laura Ingalls Wilder (1867–1957), amerikkalainen kirjailija[129]
- Rose Wilder Lane (1886–1968), amerikkalainen kirjailija[129]
- Tennessee Williams (1911–1983), amerikkalainen näytelmäkirjailija[326][327]
- Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797), englantilainen kirjailija[322]
Lähteet[muokkaa | muokkaa wikitekstiä]
- ↑ a b Kaisu-Maija Nenonen & Ilkka Teerijoki: Historian suursanakirja, s. 839. WSOY, 1998. ISBN 951-0-22044-2.
- ↑ Grimberg, Carl: Kansojen historia. Osa 13. Uskonsodat, s. 11-12. WSOY. ISBN 951-0-09741-1.
- ↑ (1859) The Lives of Eminent Philadelphians, Now Deceased. W. Brotherhead. ISBN 9780608400976.
- ↑ Le Corbusier (1887-1965) museeprotestant.org. Viitattu 18 November 2023.
- ↑ What is a Huguenot? rahs.org.au. 25 November 2022.
- ↑ Mallgrave, Harry Francis (1996). Gottfried Semper: Architect of the Nineteenth Century. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. p. 11. Retrieved 2017-06-03.
- ↑ Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi (1834-1904) museeprotestant.org.
- ↑ Frédéric Bazille (1841–1870) museeprotestant.org.
- ↑ Artist Info nga.gov.
- ↑ "France's forgotten impressionist: The art of Mary Cassatt".
- ↑ LIOTARD, Jean-Etienne huguenotsofspitalfields.org.
- ↑ (January 1996) Adolph Menzel, 1815-1905: Between Romanticism and Impressionism. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300069545.
- ↑ (2008) Günter Grass and His Critics: From the Tin Drum to Crabwalk. Camden House. ISBN 9781571130624.
- ↑ a b Musical echoes nla.gov.au
- ↑ (1994) Sir John Tenniel: Aspects of His Work. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. ISBN 9780838634936.
- ↑ Lou Andreas-Salomé | Feminist Philosopher, Psychoanalyst, Poet | Britannica britannica.com.
- ↑ Lou Andreas-Salomè: Recurrent religiosity of a psychoanalyst lalivellamagazine.com. 3 June 2020.
- ↑ "Jacques-Louis Monod, Modernist Composer with a Lyrical Touch, Dies at 93", 2 October 2020.
- ↑ "Daniel Bovet, 23 March 1907 - 8 April 1992" (1 February 1994). Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 39: 59–70. doi:. PMID 11639907.
- ↑ Huguenot Museum in Germany – Paré, Ambroise, 1509–1590, Huguenot doctor huguenot-museum-germany.com.
- ↑ Ferdinand Buisson (1841-1932) museeprotestant.org.
- ↑ Isaac Casaubon westminster-abbey.org.
- ↑ Esther Duflo, une protestante, prix Nobel d'économie reforme.net. 14 October 2019.
- ↑ (2012) Le grand siècle d'une mission protestante: La Mission de Paris de 1822 à 1914. KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 9782811106225.
- ↑ Thomas John (Tom) Brokaw newnetherlandinstitute.org.
- ↑ Murderer in the Family granta.com. 24 October 1988.
- ↑ a b A South African's Testament - CSMonitor.com csmonitor.com. Viitattu 18 November 2023.
- ↑ a b c d e f Murderer in the Family Granta. 24.10.1988. Viitattu 16.4.2024. (englanniksi)
- ↑ Louise Weiss: Lifelong champion of European values and women’s rights (1893–1983) europa.eu
- ↑ Louise Weiss jwa.org. 23 June 2021.
- ↑ a b c "'American Tapestry'", 12 July 2012.
- ↑ a b c French London Kelly Cornick sas.ac.uk
- ↑ (15 April 2021) Martin Folkes (1690–1754): Newtonian, Antiquary, Connoisseur. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-256565-5.
- ↑ (31 August 2021) The Lost History of the Lady Aeronauts. Pen & Sword Books Limited. ISBN 9781399005418.
- ↑ Valentin Conrart (1603-1675) museeprotestant.org.
- ↑ "The Man Who Murdered Garfield" (1941). Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 67: 452–489.
- ↑ This president was shot in the back, but the doctors are the ones who killed him salon.com. 11 September 2022.
- ↑ (1991) Conversations with Reynolds Price. Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN 9780878054831.
- ↑ "James Agee: Journalist, Critic, Novelist, Screenwriter", 25 September 2005.
- ↑ Calling Rapaljes, Rapeljes, Raplees and all descendants! - BKM TECH brooklynmuseum.org.
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- ↑ (2004) Strike a Woman, Strike a Rock: Fighting for Freedom in South Africa. Africa World Press. ISBN 9781592210763.
- ↑ Le Fanu huguenotmuseum.org. 20 April 2015.
- ↑ History Le Fanu Genealogy lefanus-online.org.
- ↑ 'Wrinkle in Time' author spent time in Jacksonville jacksonville.com.
- ↑ The Wildness of Christianity | Commonweal Magazine commonwealmagazine.org.
- ↑ Pierre Loti (1850–1923) museeprotestant.org.
- ↑ Proceedings of the Huguenot Society of London books.google.com.
- ↑ Harriet Martineau: Biography, Works and Contributions sociologygroup.com. 29 December 2020.
- ↑ Maturin, Gabriel James Dictionary of Irish Biography dib.ie.
- ↑ Kate Mosse on the City of Tears and Championing Women in Literature countryandtownhouse.com. 21 January 2022.
- ↑ a b A new kind of woman | Financial Times ft.com.
- ↑ "One Fairy Story Too Many: The Brothers Grimm and Their Tales. John M. Ellis" (1984). The Library Quarterly 54 (4): 424–425. doi:.
- ↑ (31 May 2012) A Little Learning: The First Volume of an Autobiography. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 9780718197681.
- ↑ HBO’s The Gilded Age: The Van Rhijn Household (B:1-2) topdogtours.com
- ↑ (14 May 2014) Critical Companion to Tennessee Williams. Infobase. ISBN 9781438108568.
- ↑ (1989) Tennessee Williams: Life, Work, and Criticism. York Press. ISBN 9780919966703.
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