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==Luettelo==
==Luettelo==
=== Contemporary ===
[[Luettelo liittovaltioista|Pääartikkeli: Luettelo liittovaltioista]]
{{Main|Federal republic|Federal monarchy|Federated state#List of constituents by federation|l3 = Federated state § List of constituents by federation}}
===Liittotasavallat===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Current federations
|-
|-
!Year est.
!Perustettu
! Federation
!Liittotasavalta
! Type<br/><ref group="t">R = [[Federal republic]]; M = [[Federal monarchy]].</ref>
! Top-level subdivisions (federated and other)
! Major federated units
! Minor units<ref group="t">That is, first-level subdivisions possessing less autonomy than the major federating units.</ref> (federated or other)
|-
|-
| 1853
| 1853
| {{Argentiina}}
| {{flag|Argentine Republic}}
| align="center" | R
| [[Provinces of Argentina]]
|data-sort-value="23"| 23 provinces
|data-sort-value="1"| [[Buenos Aires|1 autonomous city]]
|-
|-
| 1901
|1920
| {{flag|Australia|name=Commonwealth of Australia}}
| {{Itävalta}}
| align="center" | M
| [[States and territories of Australia]]
|data-sort-value="6"| 6 states
|data-sort-value="10"| 3 internal territories (of which 2 are self-governing) and 7 external territories
|-
| 1920
| {{flag|Austria|name=Republic of Austria}}
| align="center" | R
| [[States of Austria]]
|data-sort-value="9"| 9 ''Länder'' or ''Bundesländer''
|
|-
|1993
| {{flag|Belgium|name=Kingdom of Belgium}}
| align="center" | M
| [[Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium|Divisions of Belgium]]
|data-sort-value="3"| 3 communities, 3 regions
|
|-
|-
|1995
|1995
| {{Bosnia ja Hertsegovina}}
| {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
| align="center" | R
| [[Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
|data-sort-value="2"| 2 entities, one of which is itself a federation of 10 cantons
|data-sort-value="1"|1 District <ref group="t">[[Brčko District]] is ''de jure'' part of both entities, and ''de facto'' administered separately from either.</ref>
|-
|-
|1889
|1889
| {{flag|Federative Republic of Brazil}}
| {{Brasilia}}
| align="center" | R
| [[States of Brazil]]
[[Municipalities of Brazil]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituicao.htm|title=Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil, 1988. (in Portuguese)|last=|first=|date=|website=www.planalto.gov.br|access-date=2018-05-27}}</ref>
|data-sort-value="27"| 27 federative units (of which one is a [[Federal District (Brazil)|federal district]] and the others are states)<ref group="t">20 provinces during the [[Empire of Brazil]] 1822–89</ref>
|5,570 municipalities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/panorama|title=Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE (in Portuguese)|last=|first=|date=|website=cidades.ibge.gov.br|access-date=2018-05-27}}</ref>
|-
|1867
| {{flag|Canada}}
| align="center" | M
| [[Provinces and territories of Canada]]
|data-sort-value="10"| 10 provinces
|data-sort-value="3"| 3 territories
|-
|-
|1975
|1975
| {{flag|Comoros|name=Union of the Comoros}}
| {{Komorit}}
| align="center" | R
| [[Politics of the Comoros|Autonomous Islands of the Comoros]]
|data-sort-value="3"| 3 islands
|
|-
|-
|1995
|1995
| {{flag|Ethiopia|name=Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia}}
|{{Etiopia}}
| align="center" | R
| [[Regions of Ethiopia]]
|data-sort-value="9"| 9 regions
|data-sort-value="2"| 2 chartered cities
|-
|-
|1949
|1949
| {{flag|Federal Republic of Germany}}
| {{Saksa}}
| align="center" | R
| [[States of Germany]]
|data-sort-value="16"| 16 ''Länder'' or ''Bundesländer''
|
|-
|-
|1950
|1950
| {{Intia}}
| {{flag|Republic of India}}
| align="center" | R
| [[Administrative divisions of India|States and union territories of India]]
|data-sort-value="28"| [[States and union territories of India|28 states]]
|data-sort-value="8"| 8 [[Union territory|union territories]], including a [[Delhi|National Capital Territory]]
|-
|-
|2005
|2005
| {{flag|Iraq|name=Republic of Iraq}}
| {{Irak}}
| align="center" | R
| [[Governorates of Iraq]]
|data-sort-value="18"| 18 provinces
|
|-
|1963
| {{flag|Malaysia}}
| align="center" | M
| [[States of Malaysia]]
|data-sort-value="13"| 13 states
|data-sort-value="3"| 3 federal territories
|-
|-
|1821
|1821
| {{flag|Mexico|name=United Mexican States}}
| {{Meksiko}}
| align="center" | R
| [[Administrative divisions of Mexico|States of Mexico]]
|data-sort-value="32"| 32 federal entities, which are 31 states and its capital [[Mexico City]]
|
|-
|-
|1979
|1979
| {{flag|Federated States of Micronesia}}
| {{ Mikronesia}}
| align="center" | R
| [[Administrative divisions of the Federated States of Micronesia|Administrative divisions of Micronesia]]
|data-sort-value="4"| 4 states
|
|-
|-
|2015
|2008
| {{Nepal}}
| {{flag|Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal}}
| align="center" |{{H:title|since 2008|R}}
| [[Provinces of Nepal]]
|data-sort-value="7"| 7 provinces
|
|-
|-
|1963
|1963
| {{Nigeria}}
| {{flag|Nigeria|name=Federal Republic of Nigeria}}
| align="center" | R
| [[States of Nigeria]]
|data-sort-value="36"| 36 states
|data-sort-value="1"| 1 federal capital territory, 108 traditional states
|-
|-
| 1956
| 1956
| {{Pakistan}}
| {{flag|Islamic Republic of Pakistan}}
| align="center" | R
| [[Administrative units of Pakistan|Provinces and territories of Pakistan]]
|data-sort-value="5"| 4 provinces
|data-sort-value="5"| 2 autonomous territories and 1 [[Islamabad Capital Territory|federal capital territory]]
|-
|-
| 1918
|1992
| {{Venäjä}}
| {{flag|Russian Federation}}
| align="center" |{{H:title|Semi-presidential federation|R}}
| [[Federal subjects of Russia]]
|data-sort-value="85"| 46 ''oblasts'', 22 republics, 9 ''krais'', 4 autonomous ''okrugs'', 3 federal-level cities, 1 autonomous ''oblast''<ref>[http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-04.htm Federal structure of Russia], Article 65 of Russian Constitution.</ref><ref>see [[Political status of Crimea]].</ref>
|
|-
|1983
| {{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis|name=Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis}}
| align="center" | M
| The islands [[St. Kitts]] and [[Nevis]]
|data-sort-value="2"| 2 islands
|
|-
|-
|2012
|2012
| {{Somalia}}
| {{flag|Somalia|name=Federal Republic of Somalia}}
| align="center" | R
| [[States and regions of Somalia|Federal Member States of Somalia]]
|data-sort-value="18"| 18 regions<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html|title=The CIA World Factbook|date=6 September 2017|accessdate=18 September 2017}}</ref>
|
|-
|-
|2011
|2011
| {{Etelä-Sudan}}
| {{flag|South Sudan|name=Republic of South Sudan}}
| align="center" | R
| [[Subdivisions of South Sudan|States of South Sudan]]
|data-sort-value="10"| 10 states
|data-sort-value="3"| 3 administrative areas (which one of them has special administrative status)
|-
|-
|1956
|1956
| {{Sudan}}
| {{flag|Sudan|name=Republic of the Sudan}}
| align="center" | R
| [[States of Sudan]]
|data-sort-value="18"| 18 states
|
|-
|-
|1848
|1848
| {{flag|Swiss Confederation}}
| {{Sveitsi}}
| align="center" | R
| [[Cantons of Switzerland]]
|data-sort-value="26"| 26 cantons<ref group="t">Three pairs of cantons have less power at federal level than the other 20 cantons, but the same degree of internal autonomy.</ref>
|
|-
|-
|1971
| 1776
| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| {{Yhdysvallat}}
| align="center" |{{H:title|Federation of monarchies|M}}
| [[Emirates of the United Arab Emirates|Emirates of the UAE]]
|data-sort-value="7"| 7 [[emirate]]s
|
|-
| 1776<ref group="t">The [[United States Constitution]], which replaced the [[Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union]], was drafted in 1787 and was ratified in 1788. The [[1st United States Congress|first Congress]] and [[George Washington|President]] did not take office until March 1789.</ref>
| {{flag|United States of America}}
| align="center" | R
| [[Political divisions of the United States]]
|data-sort-value="50"| 50 [[U.S. state|states]]
|data-sort-value="17"| [[Washington, D.C.|1 federal district]]; 16 [[Territories of the United States|territories]]<ref group="t">Of the 5 territories that are permanently inhabited, all are [[Unincorporated territories of the United States|unincorporated]], two are [[Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)|commonwealth]]s and a third is formally [[Unorganized territory|unorganized]]. Of the other 11, one is incorporated and all are unorganized; together they form the [[United States Minor Outlying Islands]]. The term ''[[insular area]]'' includes both territories and places with a [[Compact of Free Association]].</ref>
|-
|-
|1863
|1863
| {{Venezuela}}
| {{flag|Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela}}
| align="center" | R
|}
| [[States of Venezuela]]
===Liittomonarkiat===
|data-sort-value="23"| 23 states
|data-sort-value="2"| [[Capital District (Venezuela)|1 federal district]], [[Federal Dependencies of Venezuela|1 federal dependency]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Perustettu
!Liittovaltio
|-
| 1901
| {{Australia}}
|-
|1970
| {{Belgia}}
|-
|1867
| {{Kanada}}
|-
|1963
| {{Malesia}}
|-
|1983
| {{Saint Kitts ja Nevis}}
|-
|1971
| {{Yhdistyneet arabiemiirikunnat}}
|}
|}


Versio 9. toukokuuta 2020 kello 13.34

Osa artikkelisarjaa
Valtiomuodot
Vallan lähde
Vallan ideologia
Vallan rakenne
Maailman liittovaltiot

Liittovaltio eli federaatio on valtio, joka koostuu useista sisäisistä itsehallinnollisista alueista, joilla voi olla oma kulttuuri-, sosiaali- ja elinkeinopolitiikkansa.[1] Yleensä alueita nimitetään osavaltioiksi, ja jolla on myös keskitetty liittovaltion hallinto. Liittovaltiossa itsehallinnollisten osavaltioiden valtaa vähennetään perustuslaillisesti, eikä sitä voi vähentää keskushallinnon omalla päätöksellä.

Liittovaltiot voivat olla monikulttuurisia tai käsittää laajan alueen, tosin kumpikaan ei ole välttämättä pakollista. Osavaltioilla ei aina ole oikeutta erota liitosta yksipuolisella päätöksellä.

Liittovaltio yleensä vastaa ulko- ja puolustuspolitiikasta sekä ulkomaankaupasta.[1]

Liittovaltio voi muodostua kahdella tavalla:

  • Monesta yhdeksi: Olemassaolevat itsenäiset valtiot päättävät yhdistyä liittovaltioksi.
  • Yhdestä moneksi: Yhtenäisvaltio päättää jakautua pienempiin itsehallintoalueisiin kuten esimerkiksi osavaltioihin, jotka muodostavat yhdessä liittovaltion.

Luettelo

Contemporary

Pääartikkelit: Federal republic, Federal monarchy ja Federated state#List of constituents by federation
Current federations
Year est. Federation Type
[t 1] 		Top-level subdivisions (federated and other) Major federated units Minor units[t 2] (federated or other)
1853 Malline:Flag R Provinces of Argentina 23 provinces 1 autonomous city
1901 Malline:Flag M States and territories of Australia 6 states 3 internal territories (of which 2 are self-governing) and 7 external territories
1920 Malline:Flag R States of Austria 9 Länder or Bundesländer
1993 Malline:Flag M Divisions of Belgium 3 communities, 3 regions
1995 Malline:Flag R Divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 entities, one of which is itself a federation of 10 cantons 1 District [t 3]
1889 Malline:Flag R States of Brazil

Municipalities of Brazil[2]

27 federative units (of which one is a federal district and the others are states)[t 4] 5,570 municipalities.[3]
1867 Malline:Flag M Provinces and territories of Canada 10 provinces 3 territories
1975 Malline:Flag R Autonomous Islands of the Comoros 3 islands
1995 Malline:Flag R Regions of Ethiopia 9 regions 2 chartered cities
1949 Malline:Flag R States of Germany 16 Länder or Bundesländer
1950 Malline:Flag R States and union territories of India 28 states 8 union territories, including a National Capital Territory
2005 Malline:Flag R Governorates of Iraq 18 provinces
1963 Malline:Flag M States of Malaysia 13 states 3 federal territories
1821 Malline:Flag R States of Mexico 32 federal entities, which are 31 states and its capital Mexico City
1979 Malline:Flag R Administrative divisions of Micronesia 4 states
2015 Malline:Flag Malline:H:title Provinces of Nepal 7 provinces
1963 Malline:Flag R States of Nigeria 36 states 1 federal capital territory, 108 traditional states
1956 Malline:Flag R Provinces and territories of Pakistan 4 provinces 2 autonomous territories and 1 federal capital territory
1918 Malline:Flag Malline:H:title Federal subjects of Russia 46 oblasts, 22 republics, 9 krais, 4 autonomous okrugs, 3 federal-level cities, 1 autonomous oblast[4][5]
1983 Malline:Flag M The islands St. Kitts and Nevis 2 islands
2012 Malline:Flag R Federal Member States of Somalia 18 regions[6]
2011 Malline:Flag R States of South Sudan 10 states 3 administrative areas (which one of them has special administrative status)
1956 Malline:Flag R States of Sudan 18 states
1848 Malline:Flag R Cantons of Switzerland 26 cantons[t 5]
1971 Malline:Flag Malline:H:title Emirates of the UAE 7 emirates
1776[t 6] Malline:Flag R Political divisions of the United States 50 states 1 federal district; 16 territories[t 7]
1863 Malline:Flag R States of Venezuela 23 states 1 federal district, 1 federal dependency

Katso myös

Lähteet

  1. ↑ a b Halmesvirta & Ojala & Roiko-Jokela & Vilkuna: Historian sanakirja, s. 117. Gummerus. Jyväskylä, 1997. ISBN 951-20-5089-7.
  2. ↑ Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil, 1988. (in Portuguese) planalto.gov.br.
  3. ↑ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE (in Portuguese) cidades.ibge.gov.br.
  4. ↑ Federal structure of Russia, Article 65 of Russian Constitution.
  5. ↑ see Political status of Crimea.
  6. ↑ The CIA World Factbook cia.gov. 6 September 2017. Viitattu 18 September 2017.

 
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