Pseudoskeptismi
Wikipedia
Sivulta puuttuu Pseudoskeptismillä tarkoitetaan sairaalloista, liiallista, vääristynyttä, tarkoitushakuista tai haitallista skeptismiä.[1] Illinois'n yliopiston filosofian professori Frederick L. Will käytti ensimmäisen kerran termiä pseudoskeptismi vuonna 1942. Termin teki tunnetuksi Itä-Michiganin yliopiston sosiologian professori, entinen skeptikko Marcello Truzzi vuonna 1987 vastatessaan skeptikkoryhmille, jotka kutsuivat "pseudotieteeksi" aloja, joita Truzzi mieluummin nimitti esitieteeksi. Truzzi kirjoitti vuonna 1987:
»Koska skeptismi oikeastaan viittaa epäilyyn ennemmin kuin kieltämiseen – epäuskoon ennemmin kuin uskoon –, ovat kriitikot, jotka kernaammin ottavat kielteisen kuin epäileväisen kannan ja silti nimittävät itseään skeptikoiksi, oikeastaan pseudoskeptikoita.[2]»
[muokkaa] Pseudoskeptismin tunnusmerkkejä
Truzzi on määritellyt muun muassa seuraavat pseudoskeptisyyden tunnusmerkit:
- Kielletään mieluummin kuin epäillään.[3]
- Valikoiva kriittisyys.[4]
- Tuomitaan ilman kattavaa tutkimusta.[5]
- Mieluummin mustataan maine kuin tutkitaan.[6]
- Pilkataan ja hyökätään henkilöä vastaan.[7]
- Oletetaan, ettei arvostelijalla ole todistustaakkaa.[8]
- Vastaväitteet perustuvat enemmänkin uskottavuuteen kuin empiiriseen todistusaineistoon.[9]
- Vastapuoli luokitellaan halventavasti "edistäjiksi", "pseudotieteilijöiksi" ja "patologisen tieteen harjoittajiksi".[10]
- Esitetään vahvistamattomia vastaväitteitä.[11]
[muokkaa] Skeptikoiden esimerkkejä nykyisestä pseudoskeptismistä
- Holokaustin kiistäminen[12]
- HI-viruksen kiistäminen syyksi AIDSiin.[13]
[muokkaa] Lähteet
- "Marcello Truzzi, On Pseudo-Skepticism." Zetetic Scholar (1987) No. 12/13.
[muokkaa] Viittaukset
- ↑ L. David Leiter, "The Pathology of Organized Skepticism" (PDF), in Journal of Scientific Exploration, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 125–128, 2002. "[...] it is important to clarify a basic difference, the difference between ordinary (individual) skepticism and organized skepticism. This paper does not take issue with ordinary skepticism, which is seen as a useful and important human trait. [...} However, organized skepticism appears to be something very different: it might be called, in the words of Ed Storms, pathological skepticism; or in the words of Marcello Truzzi, pseudoskepticism."
- ↑ Truzzi, On Pseudo-Skepticisms, s. 3–4.
- ↑ Truzzi, On Pseudo-Skepticisms, s. 3–4, "Though many in this category who dismiss and ridicule anomaly claims call themselves "skeptics," they often are really "pseudo-skeptics" because they deny rather than doubt anomaly claims"
- ↑ Truzzi, On Pseudo-Skepticisms, s. 3–4, "[...] they seem less inclined to take the same critical stance towards orthodox theories. For example, they may attack alternative methods in medicine (e.g., for a lack of double-blind studies) while ignoring that similar criticisms can be levelled against much conventional medicine"
- ↑ Truzzi, On Pseudo-Skepticisms, s. 3–4, "those I term scoffers often make judgements without full inquiry"
- ↑ Hyman, Ray, 1980. "Pathological Science: Towards a Proper Diagnosis and Remedy," Zetetic Scholar, No. 6, 31-43. Truzzi kirjoittaa: "[...] they may be more interested in discrediting an anomaly claim than in dispassionately investigating it"
- ↑ Truzzi, On Pseudo-Skepticisms, s. 3–4, "scoffers sometimes manage to discredit anomaly claims (e.g., through ridicule or ad hominem attacks) "
- ↑ Truzzi, On Pseudo-Skepticisms. "Critics who assert negative claims, but who mistakenly call themselves "skeptics," often act as though they have no burden of proof placed on them at all, though such a stance would be appropriate only for the agnostic or true skeptic"
- ↑ Truzzi, On Pseudo-Skepticisms, s. 3–4 "[...] many critics seem to feel it is only necessary to present a case for their counter-claims based upon plausibility rather than empirical evidence"
- ↑ Truzzi, On Pseudo-Skepticisms. s. 3-4, "A characteristic of many scoffers is their pejorative characterization of proponents as "promoters" and sometimes even the most protoscientific anomaly claimants are labelled as 'pseudoscientists' or practitioners of 'pathological science.'"
- ↑ Truzzi, On Pseudo-Skepticisms, s. 3–4, "[...] the true skeptic does not assert a claim, he has no burden to prove anything. He just goes on using the established theories of 'conventional science' as usual. But if a critic asserts that there is evidence for disproof, that he has a negative hypothesis — saying, for instance, that a seeming psi result was actually due to an artifact — he is making a claim and therefore also has to bear a burden of proof."
- ↑ http://www.skepdic.com/holocaustdenial.html
- ↑ http://www.skepdic.com/aidsdenial.html
[muokkaa] Aiheesta muualla
- Truzzi, Marcello, On Some Unfair Practices towards Claims of the Paranormal. Oxymoron, 1998
- Drasin, Daniel, Zen and the Art of Debunkery. Aol.com, 1997.
- Milton, Richard, Scientific skepticism.
- Mooney, Chris, Abuses of Skepticism : Doubting is a powerful tool, but it can definitely be taken too far. CSICOP, December, 2003.
- Haack, Susan, "Science, Scientism, and Anti-Science in the Age of Preposterism". CSICOP, December 1997.
- Sofka, Michael D., Myths of Skepticism. ISUNY, March, 2002.
- Beaty, William J., Symptoms of Pathological Sketicism. 1996.
- Hyman, Ray, Proper Criticism. (Csicop.org)
- Martin, Brian, Strategies for dissenting scientists. Society for Scientific Exploration. Journal of Scientific Exploration, Volume 12, No 4. 1998. (PDF)
- Baez, John, The crackpot index : Method for rating potentially revolutionary contributions to physics..
- Kruger, Justin, and David Dunning, Unskilled and Unaware of It: How Difficulties in Recognizing One's Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments. Department of Psychology, Cornell University.
- Debunking Pseudo-Skeptical Arguments against Paranormal and Psychic Phenomena by Winston Wu
- Wilson, Robert Anton, interview in which he discusses CSICOP and pseudoskeptism, what he calls "irrational rationalists" and "fundamentalist materialism"
- Skepdic article on pseudo-skeptics, discussing the fallacious labeling of skeptics as "pseudo-skeptics".
- Sarma, Amardeo, Misguided Stigmatization of "Organized Skepticism"
