Keskustelu:Kasvihuonekaasu

IAEA:n mukaiset päästöt

Poistin IAEA:n tietoihin perustuvan kuvion eri energiantuotantomuotojen hiilidioksidipäästöistä. Lähteenä ollut tutkimus on puutteellinen koska se ei huomioi uraanin louhimisesta ja rikastamisesta aiheutuvia kasvihuonepäästöjä. Tutkimukset jotka huomioivat kaikki ydinvoimalan aiheuttamat kasvihuonepäästöt ovat päätyneet siihen tulokseen, että päästöjä on 112-165 g/kwh verrattuna kuvion mukaiseen maksimiin 20 g/kwh. IAEA:n propagandan mukainen laskentatapa joka ei huomio uraanikaivosten ja rikastuttamisen aiheuttamia päästöjä ei ole mielekäs, koska muissakin energiantuotantomuodoissa otetaan huomioon koko tuotantoketju.

Table 7. Emissions for the nuclear fuel cycle from storm van Leeuwen and Smith (2007), in g CO2/kWh
Nuclear process	Estimate (g CO2/kWh)
Frontend (total)	16.26–28.27
Uranium mining and milling (soft and hard ores) (uranium grade of 0.06%)	10.43
Refining of yellow cake and conversion to UF6	2.42–7.49
Uranium enrichment (70% UC, 30% diff)	2.83–8.03
Fuel fabrication	0.58–2.32
Construction (total)	16.8–23.2
Reactor operation and maintenance (total)	24.4
Backend (total)	15.51–40.75
Depleted uranium reconversion	2.10–6.24
Packaging depleted uranium	0.12–0.37
Packaging enrichment waste	0.16–0.46
Packaging operational waste	1.93–3.91
Packaging decommissioned waste	2.25–3.11
Sequestration of depleted uranium	0.12–0.35
Sequestration of enrichment waste	0.16–0.44
Sequestration of operational waste	1.84–3.73
Sequestration of enrichment waste	1.98–2.74
Interim storage at reactor	0.58–2.32
Spent fuel conditioning for final disposal	0.35–1.40
Construction, storage, and closure of permanent geologic repository	3.92–15.68
Decommissioning (total)	39.5–49.1
Decommissioning and dismantling	25.2–34.8
Land Reclamation of uranium mine (uranium grade of 0.06%)	14.3
Total	112.47–165.72

   Table 4. Overview of detailed nuclear lifecycle studiesa
   Study	Location	Assumptions	Fuel cycle	Individual estimate (g CO2e/kWh)	Total estimate (g CO2e/kWh)
   Andseta et al. (1998)	Canada	CANDU heavy water reactor, 40-year lifecycle, high-quality natural uranium ore, enriched and charged with fossil fuel generators	Frontend	0.68	15.41
   Construction	2.22	
   Operation	11.9
   Backend	–
   Decommissioning	0.61
   Barnaby and Kemp (2007b)	United Kingdom	35-year lifecycle, average load factor of 85%, uranium ore grade of 0.15%	Frontend	56	84–122
   Construction	11.5
   Operation	–
   Backend	–
   Decommissioning	16.5–54.5
   Dones et al. (2005)	Switzerland	100-year lifecycle, Gosgen pressurized water reactor and Liebstadt boiling water reactor	Frontend	3.5–10.2	5–12
   Construction	1.1–1.3
   Operation	–
   Backend	0.4–0.5
   Decommissioning	–
   [Dones et al., 2003a] and [Dones et al., 2003b]	Switzerland, France, and Germany	40-year lifecycle, existing boiling water reactors and pressurized water reactors using UCTE nuclear fuel chains	Frontend	6–12	7.6–14.3
   Construction	1.0–1.3
   Operation	–
   Backend	0.6 and 1.0
   Decommissioning	–
   Dones et al. (2004b)	China	20-year lifecycle, once-through nuclear cycle using centrifuge technology	Frontend	7.4–77.4	9–80
   Construction	1.0–1.4
   Operation	–
   Backend	0.6–1.2
   Decommissioning	–
   ExternE (1998)	United Kingdom	Analysis of emissions for construction of Sizewell B pressurized water reactor in the United Kingdom	Frontend	–	11.5
   Construction	11.5
   Operation	–
   Backend	–
   Decommissioning	–
   Fritsche and Lim (2006)b	Germany	Analysis of emissions for a typical 1250 MW German reactor	Frontend	20	64
   Construction	11
   Operation	–
   Backend	33
   Decommissioning	–
   Fthenakis and Kim (2007)	United States, Europe, and Japan	40-year lifecycle, 85% capacity factor, mix of diffusion and centrifuge enrichment	Frontend	12–21.7	16–55
   Construction	0.5–17.7
   Operation	0.1–10.8
   Backend	2.1–3.5
   Decommissioning	1.3
   Hondo (2005)	Japan	Analysis of base-case emissions for operating Japanese nuclear reactors	Frontend	17	24.2
   Construction	2.8
   Operation	3.2
   Backend	0.8
   Decommissioning	0.4
   IEA (2002)c	Sweden and Japan	40-year lifecycle for Swedish Forsmark 3 boiling water reactor and 30 year lifecycle for Japanese boiling water reactor, advanced BWR, and fast breeder reactor	Frontend	1.19–8.52	2.82–22
   Construction	0.27–4.83
   Operation	–
   Backend	1.19–8.52
   Decommissioning	0.17
   ISA (2006)d	Australia	Analysis of emissions for existing Australian light water reactors with uranium ore of 0.15% grade	Frontend	4.5–58.5	10–130
   Construction	1.1–13.5
   Operation	2.6–34.5
   Backend	1.7–22.2
   Decommissioning	0.1–1.3
   ISA (2006)d	Australia	Analysis of emissions for existing Australian heavy water reactors with uranium ore of 0.15% grade	Frontend	4.5–54	10–120
   Construction	1.1–12.5
   Operation	2.6–31.8
   Backend	1.7–20.5
   Decommissioning	0.1–1.2
   Rashad and Hammad (2000)	Egypt	30 year lifecycle for a pressurized water reactor operating at 75% capacity	Frontend	23.5	26.4
   Construction	2.0
   Operation	0.4
   Backend	0.5
   Decommissioning	–
   Storm van Leeuwen et al. (2005)	World	Analysis of emissions for existing nuclear reactors	Frontend	36	84–122
   Construction	12–35
   Operation	–
   Backend	17
   Decommissioning	23–46
   Storm van Leeuwen (2006)	World	Analysis of emissions for existing nuclear reactors	Frontend	39	92–141
   Construction	13–36
   Operation	–
   Backend	17
   Decommissioning	23–49
   Storm van Leeuwen et al. (2007)	World	Analysis of emissions for existing nuclear reactors assuming 0.06% uranium ore, 70% centrifuge and 30% diffusion enrichment, and inclusion of interim and permanent storage and mine land reclamation	Frontend	16.26–28.27	112.47–165.72
   Construction	16.8–23.2
   Operation	24.4
   Backend	15.51–40.75
   Decommissioning	39.5–49.1
   Tokimatsu et al. (2006)e	Japan	60-year lifecycle, light water reactor reference case, emissions for 1960–2000	Frontend	5.9–118	10–200
   Construction	1.3–26
   Operation	2.0–40
   Backend	0.7–14
   Decommissioning	0.1–2
   Vorspools et al. (2000)	World	Analysis of emissions for construction and decommissioning of existing reactors	Frontend	–	3
   Construction	∼2
   Operation	–
   Backend	–
   Decommissioning	∼1
   White and Kulcinski (2000)	United States	40-year lifecycle of 1000 MW pressurized water reactor operating at 75% capacity factor	Frontend	9.5	15
   Construction	1.9
   Operation	2.2
   Backend	1.4
   Decommissioning	0.01

Lähde: Sovacool 2008, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.04.017

--kalamies (keskustelu) 27. lokakuuta 2012 kello 18.54 (EEST)

Selkeämpi selitys alkuun

Nyt artikkeli alkaa näin: "Kasvihuonekaasu on kaasu, joka ilmakehässä ollessaan päästää lähes kaiken auringonsäteilyn lävitseen, mutta absorboi suuren osan Maan pinnalta lähtevästä lämpösäteilystä aiheuttaen kasvihuoneilmiön." Englanninkielinen Wikipedia sen sijaan käyttää vähän selkokielisempää muotoa sivistyssanan "absorptio" sijaan: "The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions. Since part of this re-radiation is back towards the surface and the lower atmosphere, it results in an elevation of the average surface temperature above what it would be in the absence of the gases."

Oma kompromissimuotoiluni on tällainen: "Kasvihuonekaasu on kaasu, joka ilmakehässä ollessaan absorboi lämpösäteilyä lähettäen sen kaikkiin suuntiin. Koska osa planeetan pinnalta lähtevästä lämpösäteilystä kohdistuu takaisin pintaan, se aiheuttaa kasvihuoneilmiön, eli ilmaston lämpiämistä."

Noh, kunhan vaan toin tämän huonon muotoilun esille. En väitä mitään siitä, että omani olisi yhtään parempi, mikäli edes ymmärrän asiaa.