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==Luettelo==
==Luettelo==
[[Luettelo liittovaltioista|Pääartikkeli: Luettelo liittovaltioista]]

===Liittotasavallat===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Current federations
|-
|-
!Perustettu
!Year est.
!Liittotasavalta
! Federation
! Type<br/><ref group="t">R = [[Federal republic]]; M = [[Federal monarchy]].</ref>
! Top-level subdivisions (federated and other)
! Major federated units
! Minor units<ref group="t">That is, first-level subdivisions possessing less autonomy than the major federating units.</ref> (federated or other)
|-
|-
| 1853
| 1853
| {{flag|Argentine Republic}}
| {{Argentiina}}
| align="center" | R
| [[Provinces of Argentina]]
|data-sort-value="23"| 23 provinces
|data-sort-value="1"| [[Buenos Aires|1 autonomous city]]
|-
|-
|1920
| 1901
| {{Itävalta}}
| {{flag|Australia|name=Commonwealth of Australia}}
| align="center" | M
| [[States and territories of Australia]]
|data-sort-value="6"| 6 states
|data-sort-value="10"| 3 internal territories (of which 2 are self-governing) and 7 external territories
|-
| 1920
| {{flag|Austria|name=Republic of Austria}}
| align="center" | R
| [[States of Austria]]
|data-sort-value="9"| 9 ''Länder'' or ''Bundesländer''
|
|-
|1993
| {{flag|Belgium|name=Kingdom of Belgium}}
| align="center" | M
| [[Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium|Divisions of Belgium]]
|data-sort-value="3"| 3 communities, 3 regions
|
|-
|-
|1995
|1995
| {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
| {{Bosnia ja Hertsegovina}}
| align="center" | R
| [[Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
|data-sort-value="2"| 2 entities, one of which is itself a federation of 10 cantons
|data-sort-value="1"|1 District <ref group="t">[[Brčko District]] is ''de jure'' part of both entities, and ''de facto'' administered separately from either.</ref>
|-
|-
|1889
|1889
| {{Brasilia}}
| {{flag|Federative Republic of Brazil}}
| align="center" | R
| [[States of Brazil]]
[[Municipalities of Brazil]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituicao.htm|title=Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil, 1988. (in Portuguese)|last=|first=|date=|website=www.planalto.gov.br|access-date=2018-05-27}}</ref>
|data-sort-value="27"| 27 federative units (of which one is a [[Federal District (Brazil)|federal district]] and the others are states)<ref group="t">20 provinces during the [[Empire of Brazil]] 1822–89</ref>
|5,570 municipalities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/panorama|title=Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE (in Portuguese)|last=|first=|date=|website=cidades.ibge.gov.br|access-date=2018-05-27}}</ref>
|-
|1867
| {{flag|Canada}}
| align="center" | M
| [[Provinces and territories of Canada]]
|data-sort-value="10"| 10 provinces
|data-sort-value="3"| 3 territories
|-
|-
|1975
|1975
| {{Komorit}}
| {{flag|Comoros|name=Union of the Comoros}}
| align="center" | R
| [[Politics of the Comoros|Autonomous Islands of the Comoros]]
|data-sort-value="3"| 3 islands
|
|-
|-
|1995
|1995
|{{Etiopia}}
| {{flag|Ethiopia|name=Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia}}
| align="center" | R
| [[Regions of Ethiopia]]
|data-sort-value="9"| 9 regions
|data-sort-value="2"| 2 chartered cities
|-
|-
|1949
|1949
| {{Saksa}}
| {{flag|Federal Republic of Germany}}
| align="center" | R
| [[States of Germany]]
|data-sort-value="16"| 16 ''Länder'' or ''Bundesländer''
|
|-
|-
|1950
|1950
| {{flag|Republic of India}}
| {{Intia}}
| align="center" | R
| [[Administrative divisions of India|States and union territories of India]]
|data-sort-value="28"| [[States and union territories of India|28 states]]
|data-sort-value="8"| 8 [[Union territory|union territories]], including a [[Delhi|National Capital Territory]]
|-
|-
|2005
|2005
| {{Irak}}
| {{flag|Iraq|name=Republic of Iraq}}
| align="center" | R
| [[Governorates of Iraq]]
|data-sort-value="18"| 18 provinces
|
|-
|1963
| {{flag|Malaysia}}
| align="center" | M
| [[States of Malaysia]]
|data-sort-value="13"| 13 states
|data-sort-value="3"| 3 federal territories
|-
|-
|1821
|1821
| {{Meksiko}}
| {{flag|Mexico|name=United Mexican States}}
| align="center" | R
| [[Administrative divisions of Mexico|States of Mexico]]
|data-sort-value="32"| 32 federal entities, which are 31 states and its capital [[Mexico City]]
|
|-
|-
|1979
|1979
| {{ Mikronesia}}
| {{flag|Federated States of Micronesia}}
| align="center" | R
| [[Administrative divisions of the Federated States of Micronesia|Administrative divisions of Micronesia]]
|data-sort-value="4"| 4 states
|
|-
|-
|2008
|2015
| {{flag|Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal}}
| {{Nepal}}
| align="center" |{{H:title|since 2008|R}}
| [[Provinces of Nepal]]
|data-sort-value="7"| 7 provinces
|
|-
|-
|1963
|1963
| {{flag|Nigeria|name=Federal Republic of Nigeria}}
| {{Nigeria}}
| align="center" | R
| [[States of Nigeria]]
|data-sort-value="36"| 36 states
|data-sort-value="1"| 1 federal capital territory, 108 traditional states
|-
|-
| 1956
| 1956
| {{flag|Islamic Republic of Pakistan}}
| {{Pakistan}}
| align="center" | R
| [[Administrative units of Pakistan|Provinces and territories of Pakistan]]
|data-sort-value="5"| 4 provinces
|data-sort-value="5"| 2 autonomous territories and 1 [[Islamabad Capital Territory|federal capital territory]]
|-
|-
|1992
| 1918
| {{flag|Russian Federation}}
| {{Venäjä}}
| align="center" |{{H:title|Semi-presidential federation|R}}
| [[Federal subjects of Russia]]
|data-sort-value="85"| 46 ''oblasts'', 22 republics, 9 ''krais'', 4 autonomous ''okrugs'', 3 federal-level cities, 1 autonomous ''oblast''<ref>[http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-04.htm Federal structure of Russia], Article 65 of Russian Constitution.</ref><ref>see [[Political status of Crimea]].</ref>
|
|-
|1983
| {{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis|name=Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis}}
| align="center" | M
| The islands [[St. Kitts]] and [[Nevis]]
|data-sort-value="2"| 2 islands
|
|-
|-
|2012
|2012
| {{flag|Somalia|name=Federal Republic of Somalia}}
| {{Somalia}}
| align="center" | R
| [[States and regions of Somalia|Federal Member States of Somalia]]
|data-sort-value="18"| 18 regions<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html|title=The CIA World Factbook|date=6 September 2017|accessdate=18 September 2017}}</ref>
|
|-
|-
|2011
|2011
| {{flag|South Sudan|name=Republic of South Sudan}}
| {{Etelä-Sudan}}
| align="center" | R
| [[Subdivisions of South Sudan|States of South Sudan]]
|data-sort-value="10"| 10 states
|data-sort-value="3"| 3 administrative areas (which one of them has special administrative status)
|-
|-
|1956
|1956
| {{flag|Sudan|name=Republic of the Sudan}}
| {{Sudan}}
| align="center" | R
| [[States of Sudan]]
|data-sort-value="18"| 18 states
|
|-
|-
|1848
|1848
| {{Sveitsi}}
| {{flag|Swiss Confederation}}
| align="center" | R
| [[Cantons of Switzerland]]
|data-sort-value="26"| 26 cantons<ref group="t">Three pairs of cantons have less power at federal level than the other 20 cantons, but the same degree of internal autonomy.</ref>
|
|-
|-
| 1776
|1971
| {{Yhdysvallat}}
| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| align="center" |{{H:title|Federation of monarchies|M}}
| [[Emirates of the United Arab Emirates|Emirates of the UAE]]
|data-sort-value="7"| 7 [[emirate]]s
|
|-
| 1776<ref group="t">The [[United States Constitution]], which replaced the [[Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union]], was drafted in 1787 and was ratified in 1788. The [[1st United States Congress|first Congress]] and [[George Washington|President]] did not take office until March 1789.</ref>
| {{flag|United States of America}}
| align="center" | R
| [[Political divisions of the United States]]
|data-sort-value="50"| 50 [[U.S. state|states]]
|data-sort-value="17"| [[Washington, D.C.|1 federal district]]; 16 [[Territories of the United States|territories]]<ref group="t">Of the 5 territories that are permanently inhabited, all are [[Unincorporated territories of the United States|unincorporated]], two are [[Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)|commonwealth]]s and a third is formally [[Unorganized territory|unorganized]]. Of the other 11, one is incorporated and all are unorganized; together they form the [[United States Minor Outlying Islands]]. The term ''[[insular area]]'' includes both territories and places with a [[Compact of Free Association]].</ref>
|-
|-
|1863
|1863
| {{flag|Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela}}
| {{Venezuela}}
|}
| align="center" | R
===Liittomonarkiat===
| [[States of Venezuela]]
|data-sort-value="23"| 23 states
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|data-sort-value="2"| [[Capital District (Venezuela)|1 federal district]], [[Federal Dependencies of Venezuela|1 federal dependency]]
|-
!Perustettu
!Liittovaltio
|-
| 1901
| {{Australia}}
|-
|1970
| {{Belgia}}
|-
|1867
| {{Kanada}}
|-
|1963
| {{Malesia}}
|-
|1983
| {{Saint Kitts ja Nevis}}
|-
|1971
| {{Yhdistyneet arabiemiirikunnat}}
|}
|}


Versio 9. toukokuuta 2020 kello 13.35

Osa artikkelisarjaa
Valtiomuodot
Vallan lähde
Vallan ideologia
Vallan rakenne
Maailman liittovaltiot

Liittovaltio eli federaatio on valtio, joka koostuu useista sisäisistä itsehallinnollisista alueista, joilla voi olla oma kulttuuri-, sosiaali- ja elinkeinopolitiikkansa.[1] Yleensä alueita nimitetään osavaltioiksi, ja jolla on myös keskitetty liittovaltion hallinto. Liittovaltiossa itsehallinnollisten osavaltioiden valtaa vähennetään perustuslaillisesti, eikä sitä voi vähentää keskushallinnon omalla päätöksellä.

Liittovaltiot voivat olla monikulttuurisia tai käsittää laajan alueen, tosin kumpikaan ei ole välttämättä pakollista. Osavaltioilla ei aina ole oikeutta erota liitosta yksipuolisella päätöksellä.

Liittovaltio yleensä vastaa ulko- ja puolustuspolitiikasta sekä ulkomaankaupasta.[1]

Liittovaltio voi muodostua kahdella tavalla:

  • Monesta yhdeksi: Olemassaolevat itsenäiset valtiot päättävät yhdistyä liittovaltioksi.
  • Yhdestä moneksi: Yhtenäisvaltio päättää jakautua pienempiin itsehallintoalueisiin kuten esimerkiksi osavaltioihin, jotka muodostavat yhdessä liittovaltion.

Luettelo

Pääartikkeli: Luettelo liittovaltioista

Liittotasavallat

Perustettu Liittotasavalta
1853  Argentiina
1920  Itävalta
1995  Bosnia ja Hertsegovina
1889  Brasilia
1975  Komorit
1995  Etiopia
1949  Saksa
1950  Intia
2005  Irak
1821  Meksiko
1979  Mikronesia
2008    Nepal
1963  Nigeria
1956  Pakistan
1992  Venäjä
2012  Somalia
2011  Etelä-Sudan
1956  Sudan
1848  Sveitsi
1776  Yhdysvallat
1863  Venezuela

Liittomonarkiat

Perustettu Liittovaltio
1901  Australia
1970  Belgia
1867  Kanada
1963  Malesia
1983  Saint Kitts ja Nevis
1971  Yhdistyneet arabiemiraatit

Katso myös

Lähteet

  1. ↑ a b Halmesvirta & Ojala & Roiko-Jokela & Vilkuna: Historian sanakirja, s. 117. Gummerus. Jyväskylä, 1997. ISBN 951-20-5089-7.

 

Noudettu kohteesta ”https://fi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liittovaltio&oldid=18913041”