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Seuraavasta listasta muun muassa Pohjois-Korea ja ainakin vuosien 1949-1976 osalta Kiina luokitellaan totalitaristisiksi, koska niissä ideologinen hallinto tunkeutuu kaikille elämänaloille. Siksi niitä ja eräitä muita ei usein lasketa autoritaristisiksi.
Seuraavasta listasta muun muassa Pohjois-Korea ja ainakin vuosien 1949-1976 osalta Kiina luokitellaan totalitaristisiksi, koska niissä ideologinen hallinto tunkeutuu kaikille elämänaloille. Siksi niitä ja eräitä muita ei usein lasketa autoritaristisiksi.


* {{Algeria}}: [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]]n alaisuudessa vuodesta (1999)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/algeria|accessdate=19 .4.2018|title=Freedom in the World Algeria Report}}</ref>
* {{Algeria}}: [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]]n alaisuudessa vuodesta 1999)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/algeria|accessdate=19 .4.2018|title=Freedom in the World Algeria Report}}</ref>
* {{Angola}}: [[MPLA]]:n alaisuudessa vuodesta (1975)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/angola|accessdate=19 .4.2018|title=Freedom in the World Angola Report}}</ref>
* {{Angola}}: [[MPLA]]:n alaisuudessa vuodesta 1975)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/angola|accessdate=19 .4.2018|title=Freedom in the World Angola Report}}</ref>
* {{Azerbaidžan}}: [[Heydar Aliyev]]in (1993-2003) ja [[İlham Əliyev]]in alaisuudessa vuodesta (2003)<ref>{{cite news|last=Vincent|first=Rebecca|title=When the music dies: Azerbaijan one year after Eurovision|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/05/2013519690697916.html|accessdate=10 .6.2013|date=19 .5.2013|agency=[[Al Jazeera]]|quote=}}</ref>
* {{Azerbaidžan}}: [[Heydar Aliyev]]in (1993-2003) ja [[İlham Əliyev]]in alaisuudessa vuodesta 2003)<ref>{{cite news|last=Vincent|first=Rebecca|title=When the music dies: Azerbaijan one year after Eurovision|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/05/2013519690697916.html|accessdate=10 .6.2013|date=19 .5.2013|agency=[[Al Jazeera]]|quote=}}</ref>
* {{Bahrain}}: [[Al Khalifa]]-suvun alaisuudessa vuodesta (1746)<ref>Nebil Husayn, [http://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/Bahrain%20AMSS%20-%20Abstract%20-%20Outline_0.pdf Authoritarianism in Bahrain: Motives, Methods and Challenges], AMSS 41st Annual Conference (September 29, 2012); [http://cddrl.stanford.edu/events/parliamentary_elections_and_authoritarian_rule_in_bahrain Parliamentary Elections and Authoritarian Rule in Bahrain] (January 13, 2011), Stanford University</ref>
* {{Bahrain}}: [[Al Khalifa]]-suvun alaisuudessa vuodesta 1746)<ref>Nebil Husayn, [http://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/Bahrain%20AMSS%20-%20Abstract%20-%20Outline_0.pdf Authoritarianism in Bahrain: Motives, Methods and Challenges], AMSS 41st Annual Conference (September 29, 2012); [http://cddrl.stanford.edu/events/parliamentary_elections_and_authoritarian_rule_in_bahrain Parliamentary Elections and Authoritarian Rule in Bahrain] (January 13, 2011), Stanford University</ref>
* {{Valko-Venäjä}}: [[Alexander Lukashenko]]n alaisuudessa vuodesta (1994)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/07/belarus-inside-europes-last-dictatorship|accessdate=7 .8.2014 |title=Belarus: inside Europe’s last dictatorship |location=London |work=The Guardian|first=Sigrid|last=Rausing|date=7 .10.2012}}</ref><ref name="reuters1">{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/04/us-belarus-dicator-idUSTRE8230T320120304 | agency=[[Reuters]] |title=Belarus’s Lukashenko: "Better a dictator than gay" |quote=|location=Berlin |date=4 .3.2012}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Profile: Alexander Lukashenko|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3882843.stm|accessdate=7 .7.2014|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|date=9 .1.2007|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/europe-and-central-asia/eurasia/belarus |title=Human rights by country&nbsp;– Belarus |accessdate=22 .12.2007 |year=2007 |website=Amnesty International Report 2007 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212011715/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/europe-and-central-asia/eurasia/belarus |archivedate=12 December 2007 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref>
* {{Valko-Venäjä}}: [[Alexander Lukashenko]]n alaisuudessa vuodesta 1994)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/07/belarus-inside-europes-last-dictatorship|accessdate=7 .8.2014 |title=Belarus: inside Europe’s last dictatorship |location=London |work=The Guardian|first=Sigrid|last=Rausing|date=7 .10.2012}}</ref><ref name="reuters1">{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/04/us-belarus-dicator-idUSTRE8230T320120304 | agency=[[Reuters]] |title=Belarus’s Lukashenko: "Better a dictator than gay" |quote=|location=Berlin |date=4 .3.2012}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Profile: Alexander Lukashenko|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3882843.stm|accessdate=7 .7.2014|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|date=9 .1.2007|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/europe-and-central-asia/eurasia/belarus |title=Human rights by country&nbsp;– Belarus |accessdate=22 .12.2007 |year=2007 |website=Amnesty International Report 2007 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212011715/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/europe-and-central-asia/eurasia/belarus |archivedate=12 December 2007 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref>
* {{Bosnia ja Hertsegovina}} / {{Serbitasavalta}}: [[Milorad Dodik]]in alaisuudessa vuodesta (2006)<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bieber|first1=Florian|title=Patterns of competitive authoritarianism in the Western Balkans|journal=East European Politics|date=heinäkuu 2018|volume=38|issue=3|pages=337-54|doi=10.1080/21599165.2018.1490272}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/16/world/europe/dodik-republika-srpska-bosnia.html|title=Milorad Dodik Wants to Carve Up Bosnia. Peacefully, if Possible|date=16 .2.2018|publisher=The New York Times
* {{Bosnia ja Hertsegovina}} / {{Serbitasavalta}}: [[Milorad Dodik]]in alaisuudessa vuodesta 2006)<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bieber|first1=Florian|title=Patterns of competitive authoritarianism in the Western Balkans|journal=East European Politics|date=heinäkuu 2018|volume=38|issue=3|pages=337-54|doi=10.1080/21599165.2018.1490272}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/16/world/europe/dodik-republika-srpska-bosnia.html|title=Milorad Dodik Wants to Carve Up Bosnia. Peacefully, if Possible|date=16 .2.2018|publisher=The New York Times
|accessdate=5 .1.2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apnews.com/2e8576b75226465fa1dc4180cdda6644|title=Correction: Bosnia-Journalist Beaten story|date=28 .0.2018|publisher=Associated Press|accessdate=5 .1.2019}}</ref>
|accessdate=5 .1.2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apnews.com/2e8576b75226465fa1dc4180cdda6644|title=Correction: Bosnia-Journalist Beaten story|date=28 .0.2018|publisher=Associated Press|accessdate=5 .1.2019}}</ref>
* {{Burundi}}: [[Pierre Nkurunziza]]n alaisuudessa vuodesta (2005)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/burundi|accessdate=19 .4.2018|title=Freedom in the World Burundi Report}}</ref>
* {{Burundi}}: [[Pierre Nkurunziza]]n alaisuudessa vuodesta 2005)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/burundi|accessdate=19 .4.2018|title=Freedom in the World Burundi Report}}</ref>
* {{Kambodža}}: [[Punaiset khmerit|Punaisten khmeri]]en ja [[Hun Sen]]in alaisuudessa vuodesta (1985)<ref>{{cite news |author=Elisabeth Bumiller |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/17/world/asia/in-cambodia-panetta-reaffirms-ties-with-authoritarian-government.html |title=In Cambodia, Panetta Reaffirms Ties With Authoritarian Government |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=16.11. 2012 }}</ref>
* {{Kambodža}}: [[Punaiset khmerit|Punaisten khmeri]]en ja [[Hun Sen]]in alaisuudessa vuodesta 1985)<ref>{{cite news |author=Elisabeth Bumiller |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/17/world/asia/in-cambodia-panetta-reaffirms-ties-with-authoritarian-government.html |title=In Cambodia, Panetta Reaffirms Ties With Authoritarian Government |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=16.11. 2012 }}</ref>
* {{Kamerun}}: [[Paul Biya]]n alaisuudessa vuodesta (1982)<ref name="Freedom House" />
* {{Kamerun}}: [[Paul Biya]]n alaisuudessa vuodesta 1982)<ref name="Freedom House" />
* {{Tšad}}: [[Idriss Deby]]n alaisuudessa vuodesta (1990)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/chad|accessdate=19 .4.2018|title=Freedom in the World Chad Report}}</ref>
* {{Tšad}}: [[Idriss Deby]]n alaisuudessa vuodesta 1990)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/chad|accessdate=19 .4.2018|title=Freedom in the World Chad Report}}</ref>
* {{Kiina}}: [[Kiinan kommunistinen puolue|Kiinan kommunistisen puolue]]en alaisuudessa vuodesta (1949) <ref>Ming Xia, [https://www.nytimes.com/ref/college/coll-china-politics.html China Rises Companion: Political Governance], ''The New York Times''. See also Cheng Li, [http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2012/09/shifting-power-china-lic The End of the CCP’s Resilient Authoritarianism? A Tripartite Assessment of Shifting Power in China] (September 2012), ''The China Quarterly'', Vol. 211; Perry Link and Joshua Kurlantzick, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124319304482150525 China's Modern Authoritarianism] (May 25, 2009), ''The Wall Street Journal''; Ariana Eunjung Cha</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kennedy |first1=John |last2=Nagao |first2=Haruka |last3=Liu |first3=Hongyan |title=Voting and Values: Grassroots Elections in Rural and Urban China |journal=Politics and Governance |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=90 |doi=10.17645/pag.v6i2.1331 |url=https://www.cogitatiopress.com/politicsandgovernance/article/view/1331|year=2018 }}</ref>
* {{Kiina}}: [[Kiinan kommunistinen puolue|Kiinan kommunistisen puolue]]en alaisuudessa vuodesta 1949) <ref>Ming Xia, [https://www.nytimes.com/ref/college/coll-china-politics.html China Rises Companion: Political Governance], ''The New York Times''. See also Cheng Li, [http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2012/09/shifting-power-china-lic The End of the CCP’s Resilient Authoritarianism? A Tripartite Assessment of Shifting Power in China] (September 2012), ''The China Quarterly'', Vol. 211; Perry Link and Joshua Kurlantzick, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124319304482150525 China's Modern Authoritarianism] (May 25, 2009), ''The Wall Street Journal''; Ariana Eunjung Cha</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kennedy |first1=John |last2=Nagao |first2=Haruka |last3=Liu |first3=Hongyan |title=Voting and Values: Grassroots Elections in Rural and Urban China |journal=Politics and Governance |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=90 |doi=10.17645/pag.v6i2.1331 |url=https://www.cogitatiopress.com/politicsandgovernance/article/view/1331|year=2018 }}</ref>
* {{Kongon demokraattinen tasavalta}}: [[Mobutu Sese Seko]]n, [[Laurent-Désiré Kabila|Laurent-Désiré]] ja [[Joseph Kabila]]n alaisuudessa vuodesta (1965)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/congo-democratic-republic-kinshasa|accessdate=19 .4.2018|title=Freedom in the World Democratic Republic of Congo Report}}</ref>
* {{Kongon demokraattinen tasavalta}}: [[Mobutu Sese Seko]]n, [[Laurent-Désiré Kabila|Laurent-Désiré]] ja [[Joseph Kabila]]n alaisuudessa vuodesta 1965)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/congo-democratic-republic-kinshasa|accessdate=19 .4.2018|title=Freedom in the World Democratic Republic of Congo Report}}</ref>
* {{Kongon tasavalta}}: [[Denis Sassou Nguesso]]n alaisuudessa vuodesta (1997)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/congo-republic-brazzaville|accessdate=19 .4.2018|title=Freedom in the World Republic of Congo Report}}</ref>
* {{Kongon tasavalta}}: [[Denis Sassou Nguesso]]n alaisuudessa vuodesta 1997)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/congo-republic-brazzaville|accessdate=19 .4.2018|title=Freedom in the World Republic of Congo Report}}</ref>
* {{Kuuba}}: [[Kuuban kommunistinen puolue|Kuuban kommunistisen puolue]]en alaisuudessa vuodesta (1959)<ref> Shanthi Kalathil and Taylor Boas, [http://carnegieendowment.org/2001/07/16/internet-and-state-control-in-authoritarian-regimes-china-cuba-and-counterrevolution/1ic4 Internet and State Control in Authoritarian Regimes: China, Cuba and the Counterrevolution] (July 16, 2001), Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.</ref>
* {{Kuuba}}: [[Kuuban kommunistinen puolue|Kuuban kommunistisen puolue]]en alaisuudessa vuodesta 1959)<ref> Shanthi Kalathil and Taylor Boas, [http://carnegieendowment.org/2001/07/16/internet-and-state-control-in-authoritarian-regimes-china-cuba-and-counterrevolution/1ic4 Internet and State Control in Authoritarian Regimes: China, Cuba and the Counterrevolution] (July 16, 2001), Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.</ref>
* {{Egypti}}: [[Hosni Mubarak]]in alaisuudessa vuodesta (1981–2011) and [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] alaisuudessa vuodesta (2014)<ref>Amr Adly, [http://carnegie-mec.org/publications/?fa=55804 The Economics of Egypt’s Rising Authoritarian Order], Carnegie Middle East Center, June 18, 2014; Nathan J. Brown & Katie Bentivoglio, [http://carnegieendowment.org/2014/10/09/egypt-s-resurgent-authoritarianism-it-s-way-of-life Egypt's Resurgent Authoritarianism: It's a Way of Life], Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, October 9, 2014; Roula Khalaf, [https://www.ft.com/content/8127ef6e-c38e-11e6-9bca-2b93a6856354 Sisi’s Egypt: The march of the security state], ''Financial Times'' (December 19, 2016); Peter Hessler, [http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/01/02/egypts-failed-revolution Egypt's Failed Revolution], ''New Yorker'', January 2, 2017.</ref>
* {{Egypti}}: [[Hosni Mubarak]]in alaisuudessa vuodesta 1981–2011) ja [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] alaisuudessa vuodesta 2014)<ref>Amr Adly, [http://carnegie-mec.org/publications/?fa=55804 The Economics of Egypt’s Rising Authoritarian Order], Carnegie Middle East Center, June 18, 2014; Nathan J. Brown & Katie Bentivoglio, [http://carnegieendowment.org/2014/10/09/egypt-s-resurgent-authoritarianism-it-s-way-of-life Egypt's Resurgent Authoritarianism: It's a Way of Life], Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, October 9, 2014; Roula Khalaf, [https://www.ft.com/content/8127ef6e-c38e-11e6-9bca-2b93a6856354 Sisi’s Egypt: The march of the security state], ''Financial Times'' (December 19, 2016); Peter Hessler, [http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/01/02/egypts-failed-revolution Egypt's Failed Revolution], ''New Yorker'', January 2, 2017.</ref>
* {{Päiväntasaajan Guinea}}: [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]]n alaisuudessa vuodesta (1979)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/equatorial-guinea|accessdate=19 .4.2018|title=Freedom in the World Equatorial Guinea Report}}</ref>
* {{Päiväntasaajan Guinea}}: [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]]n alaisuudessa vuodesta 1979)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/equatorial-guinea|accessdate=19 .4.2018|title=Freedom in the World Equatorial Guinea Report}}</ref>
* {{Eritrea}}: [[Isaias Afwerki]]n alaisuudessa vuodesta (1993)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/eritrea|accessdate=19 .4.2018|title=Freedom in the World Eritea Report}}</ref>
* {{Eritrea}}: [[Isaias Afwerki]]n alaisuudessa vuodesta 1993)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/eritrea|accessdate=19 .4.2018|title=Freedom in the World Eritea Report}}</ref>
* {{Etiopia}}: [[EPRDF]]:n alaisuudessa vuodesta (1991)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/ethiopia|accessdate=19 .4.2018|title=Freedom in the World Ethiopia Report}}</ref>
* {{Etiopia}}: [[EPRDF]]:n alaisuudessa vuodesta 1991)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/ethiopia|accessdate=19 .4.2018|title=Freedom in the World Ethiopia Report}}</ref>
* {{Gabon}}: [[Omar Bongo]] ja [[Ali Bongo Ondimba]]n alaisuudessa vuodesta (1967)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/gabon|accessdate=19 .4.2018|title=Freedom in the World Gabon Report}}</ref>
* {{Gabon}}: [[Omar Bongo]] ja [[Ali Bongo Ondimba]]n alaisuudessa vuodesta 1967)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/gabon|accessdate=19 .4.2018|title=Freedom in the World Gabon Report}}</ref>
* {{Unkari}}: [[Viktor Orbán]]in alaisuudessa vuodesta (2010) <ref>https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/02/05/hungary-and-poland-arent-democratic-theyre-authoritarian/</ref><ref>https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/04/the-re-election-of-hungarys-authoritarian-prime-minister-disproves-everything-we-thought-we-knew-about-democracy.html</ref><ref name=AtlanticHungaryAntisemitic>[https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/12/viktor-orban-and-anti-semitic-figyelo-cover/578158/ Viktor Orbán Is Exploiting Anti-Semitism]. Ira Forman, ''[[The Atlantic]]'', 14 December 2018</ref>
* {{Unkari}}: [[Viktor Orbán]]in alaisuudessa vuodesta 2010) <ref>https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/02/05/hungary-and-poland-arent-democratic-theyre-authoritarian/</ref><ref>https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/04/the-re-election-of-hungarys-authoritarian-prime-minister-disproves-everything-we-thought-we-knew-about-democracy.html</ref><ref name=AtlanticHungaryAntisemitic>[https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/12/viktor-orban-and-anti-semitic-figyelo-cover/578158/ Viktor Orbán Is Exploiting Anti-Semitism]. Ira Forman, ''[[The Atlantic]]'', 14 December 2018</ref>
* {{Iran}}: [[Ruhollah Khomeini]]n ja [[Ali Khamenei]]n alaisuudessa vuodesta (1981)<ref>Mehrdad Kia, [https://books.google.com/books? id=BaE3AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA75#v=onepage&q&f=false The Making of Modern Authoritarianism in Contemporary Iran], in ''Modern Middle East Authoritarianism: Roots, Ramifications, and Crisis'' (Routledge: 2013; eds. Noureddine Jebnoun, Mehrdad Kia & Mimi Kirk), pp. 75–76.</ref> <ref>Juan José Linz, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=8cYk_ABfMJIC&pg=PA36 Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes]'' (Lynne Rienner, 2000), p. 36.</ref>
* {{Iran}}: [[Ruhollah Khomeini]]n ja [[Ali Khamenei]]n alaisuudessa vuodesta 1981)<ref>Mehrdad Kia, [https://books.google.com/books? id=BaE3AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA75#v=onepage&q&f=false The Making of Modern Authoritarianism in Contemporary Iran], in ''Modern Middle East Authoritarianism: Roots, Ramifications, and Crisis'' (Routledge: 2013; eds. Noureddine Jebnoun, Mehrdad Kia & Mimi Kirk), pp. 75–76.</ref> <ref>Juan José Linz, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=8cYk_ABfMJIC&pg=PA36 Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes]'' (Lynne Rienner, 2000), p. 36.</ref>
* {{Jordania}}: [[Abdullah II ]]:n alaisuudessa
* {{Jordania}}: [[Abdullah II ]]:n alaisuudessa
* {{Kazakstan}}: [[Nursultan Nazarbajev|Nursultan Nazarbayev]]in alaiduudessa <ref name="Freedom House" />
* {{Kazakstan}}: [[Nursultan Nazarbajev|Nursultan Nazarbayev]]in alaiduudessa <ref name="Freedom House" />
* {{Laos}}: Laon kansan vallankumouksellisen puolueen alaisuudessa vuodesta (1975)<ref name=":0">Beckert, Jen. "Communitarianism." International Encyclopedia of Economic Sociology. London: Routledge, 2006. 81.</ref>
* {{Laos}}: [[Laon kansan vallankumouksellinen puolue|Laon kansan vallankumouksellisen puolue]]<nowiki/>en alaisuudessa vuodesta 1975)<ref name=":0">Beckert, Jen. "Communitarianism." International Encyclopedia of Economic Sociology. London: Routledge, 2006. 81.</ref>
* {{Marokko}}: [[Mohammed VI]]:n alaisuudessa<ref>{{cite news |title=Governance of Morocco |url=https://fanack.com/morocco/governance/ |work=Fanack.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Morocco: The Promise of Democracy and the Reality of Authoritarianism |url=http://www.iai.it/en/pubblicazioni/morocco-promise-democracy-and-reality-authoritarianism |work=IAI Istituto Affari Internazionali |date=27 .4.2016 |language=it}}</ref>
* {{Marokko}}: [[Mohammed VI]]:n alaisuudessa<ref>{{cite news |title=Governance of Morocco |url=https://fanack.com/morocco/governance/ |work=Fanack.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Morocco: The Promise of Democracy and the Reality of Authoritarianism |url=http://www.iai.it/en/pubblicazioni/morocco-promise-democracy-and-reality-authoritarianism |work=IAI Istituto Affari Internazionali |date=27 .4.2016 |language=it}}</ref>
* {{Montenegro}}: [[Milo Đukanović]]in alaisuudessa <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/27/world/europe/montenegro-milo-djukanovic-resigns.html|title=Montenegro’s Prime Minister Resigns, Perhaps Bolstering Country’s E.U. Hopes |date=26 .10.2016|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=12 .12.2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/djukanovic-looks-to-extend-dominance-in-montenegro-s-presidential-vote/29167866.html|title=Montenegro's Djukanovic Declares Victory In Presidential Election |date=16 .4.2018|publisher=Radio Free Europe|accessdate=12 .12.2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eastwest.eu/it/opinioni/european-crossroads/elezioni-presidenziali-montenegro-vittoria-djukanovic|title=Djukanovic si riprende il Montenegro con la benedizione di Bruxelles |date=17 .4.2018|publisher=eastwest.eu|accessdate=12 .12.2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/bs/%C4%91ukanovi%C4%87-posljednji-autokrat-balkana/a-16888850|title=Đukanović - posljednji autokrat Balkana |date=18 .6.2013|publisher=Deutsche Welle|accessdate=12 .12.2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20180319-montenegro-veteran-pm-djukanovic-run-presidency|title=Montenegro veteran PM Djukanovic to run for presidency |date=19 .3.2018|publisher=France 24|accessdate=12 .12.2018}}</ref>
* {{Montenegro}}: [[Milo Đukanović]]in alaisuudessa <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/27/world/europe/montenegro-milo-djukanovic-resigns.html|title=Montenegro’s Prime Minister Resigns, Perhaps Bolstering Country’s E.U. Hopes |date=26 .10.2016|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=12 .12.2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/djukanovic-looks-to-extend-dominance-in-montenegro-s-presidential-vote/29167866.html|title=Montenegro's Djukanovic Declares Victory In Presidential Election |date=16 .4.2018|publisher=Radio Free Europe|accessdate=12 .12.2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eastwest.eu/it/opinioni/european-crossroads/elezioni-presidenziali-montenegro-vittoria-djukanovic|title=Djukanovic si riprende il Montenegro con la benedizione di Bruxelles |date=17 .4.2018|publisher=eastwest.eu|accessdate=12 .12.2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/bs/%C4%91ukanovi%C4%87-posljednji-autokrat-balkana/a-16888850|title=Đukanović - posljednji autokrat Balkana |date=18 .6.2013|publisher=Deutsche Welle|accessdate=12 .12.2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20180319-montenegro-veteran-pm-djukanovic-run-presidency|title=Montenegro veteran PM Djukanovic to run for presidency |date=19 .3.2018|publisher=France 24|accessdate=12 .12.2018}}</ref>
* {{Pohjois-Korea}}: [[Korean työväenpuolue]]en alaisuudessa vuodesta (1947)<ref>Daniel Byman, [http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/20208/pyongyangs_survival_strategy.html Pyongyang’s Survival Strategy: Tools of Authoritarian Control in North Korea], ''International Security'', Vol. 35, issue 1, pp. 44–74 (Summer 2010); Chico Harlan</ref>
* {{Pohjois-Korea}}: [[Korean työväenpuolue]]en alaisuudessa vuodesta 1947)<ref>Daniel Byman, [http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/20208/pyongyangs_survival_strategy.html Pyongyang’s Survival Strategy: Tools of Authoritarian Control in North Korea], ''International Security'', Vol. 35, issue 1, pp. 44–74 (Summer 2010); Chico Harlan</ref>
* {{Oman}}: [[Qaboos bin Said al Said]]in alaisuudessa <ref>https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/oman</ref>
* {{Oman}}: [[Qaboos bin Said al Said]]in alaisuudessa <ref>https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/oman</ref>
* {{Qatar}} [[Al-Thani]] suvun alaisuudessa<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/blog/dictators-continue-score-international-sporting-events|title=Dictators Continue to Score in International Sporting Events|last=|first=|date=|work=Freedom House|access-date=}}</ref>
* {{Qatar}} [[Al-Thani]] suvun alaisuudessa<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/blog/dictators-continue-score-international-sporting-events|title=Dictators Continue to Score in International Sporting Events|last=|first=|date=|work=Freedom House|access-date=}}</ref>
* {{Venäjä}}: [[Vladimir Putin]] ja [[Dmitry Medvedev]]in alaisuudessa vuodesta (1999) <ref>Nikolay Petrov and Michael McFaul, [http://carnegieendowment.org/2005/10/18/essence-of-putin-s-managed-democracy/1ul9 The Essence of Putin's Managed Democracy] (October 18, 2005), Carnegie Endowment for International Peace; Tom Parfitt, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/11/russia-era-managed-democracy-mikhail-prokhorov Billionaire tycoon Mikhail Prokhorov who is running in the 4 March election says it is time for evolution not revolution] (January 11, 2012), ''The Guardian''; Richard Denton, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/this_world/4756959.stm Russia's 'managed democracy'] (May 11, 2006), BBC News.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nations in Transit 2014 – Russia|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/nations-transit/2014/russia#.VDEX4Gc7uSq|website=Freedom House}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Myth of the Authoritarian Model – How Putin's Crackdown Holds Russia Back|url=http://fsi.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/Myth_of_the_Authoritarian_Model.pdf|website=The Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford|access-date=2014-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101539/http://fsi.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/Myth_of_the_Authoritarian_Model.pdf|archive-date=2014-10-06|dead-url=yes|df=}}</ref>
* {{Venäjä}}: [[Vladimir Putin]] ja [[Dmitry Medvedev]]in alaisuudessa vuodesta 1999) <ref>Nikolay Petrov and Michael McFaul, [http://carnegieendowment.org/2005/10/18/essence-of-putin-s-managed-democracy/1ul9 The Essence of Putin's Managed Democracy] (October 18, 2005), Carnegie Endowment for International Peace; Tom Parfitt, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/11/russia-era-managed-democracy-mikhail-prokhorov Billionaire tycoon Mikhail Prokhorov who is running in the 4 March election says it is time for evolution not revolution] (January 11, 2012), ''The Guardian''; Richard Denton, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/this_world/4756959.stm Russia's 'managed democracy'] (May 11, 2006), BBC News.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nations in Transit 2014 – Russia|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/nations-transit/2014/russia#.VDEX4Gc7uSq|website=Freedom House}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Myth of the Authoritarian Model – How Putin's Crackdown Holds Russia Back|url=http://fsi.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/Myth_of_the_Authoritarian_Model.pdf|website=The Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford|access-date=2014-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101539/http://fsi.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/Myth_of_the_Authoritarian_Model.pdf|archive-date=2014-10-06|dead-url=yes|df=}}</ref>
* {{Ruanda}}: [[Paul Kagame]]n alaisuudessa vuodesta (2000)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/rwanda|accessdate=19 .4.2018|title=Freedom in the World Rwanda Report}}</ref>
* {{Ruanda}}: [[Paul Kagame]]n alaisuudessa vuodesta 2000)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/rwanda|accessdate=19 .4.2018|title=Freedom in the World Rwanda Report}}</ref>
* {{Serbia}}: [[Aleksandar Vučić]]in alaisuudessa vuodesta (2012)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36122928|title=Serbia election: Pro-EU Prime Minister Vucic claims victory |date=24 .4.2016|publisher=BBC|accessdate=12 .12.2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/09/opinion/a-serbian-election-erodes-democracy.html?referer=|title=A Serbian Election Erodes Democracy |date=9 .4.2017|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=12 .12.2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/03/09/how-aleksandar-vucic-became-europes-favorite-autocrat/|title=How Aleksandar Vucic Became Europe’s Favorite Autocrat |first=Aleks|last=Eror |date=9 .3.2018|publisher=Foreign Policy|accessdate=12 .12.2018}}</ref>
* {{Serbia}}: [[Aleksandar Vučić]]in alaisuudessa vuodesta 2012)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36122928|title=Serbia election: Pro-EU Prime Minister Vucic claims victory |date=24 .4.2016|publisher=BBC|accessdate=12 .12.2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/09/opinion/a-serbian-election-erodes-democracy.html?referer=|title=A Serbian Election Erodes Democracy |date=9 .4.2017|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=12 .12.2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/03/09/how-aleksandar-vucic-became-europes-favorite-autocrat/|title=How Aleksandar Vucic Became Europe’s Favorite Autocrat |first=Aleks|last=Eror |date=9 .3.2018|publisher=Foreign Policy|accessdate=12 .12.2018}}</ref>
* {{Singapore}}: [[Lee Kuan Yew]]in alaisuudessa vuoteen 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lee Kuan Yew leaves a legacy of authoritarian pragmatism|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/23/lee-kuan-yews-legacy-of-authoritarian-pragmatism-will-serve-singapore-well|accessdate=5 .5.2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=January 5, 2017 Fear, smear and the paradox of authoritarian politics in Singapore|url=http://www.theindependent.sg/fear-smear-and-the-paradox-of-authoritarian-politics-in-singapore/|accessdate=5 .5.2017}}</ref>
* {{Singapore}}: [[Lee Kuan Yew]]in alaisuudessa vuoteen 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lee Kuan Yew leaves a legacy of authoritarian pragmatism|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/23/lee-kuan-yews-legacy-of-authoritarian-pragmatism-will-serve-singapore-well|accessdate=5 .5.2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=January 5, 2017 Fear, smear and the paradox of authoritarian politics in Singapore|url=http://www.theindependent.sg/fear-smear-and-the-paradox-of-authoritarian-politics-in-singapore/|accessdate=5 .5.2017}}</ref>
* {{Saudi-Arabia}}: [[Saudien hallitsijasuku|Saud-suvun]] alaisuudessa vuodesta (1744)<ref>Toby Craig Jones, ''Desert Kingdom: How Oil and Water Forged Modern Saudi Arabia'' (2011), Harvard University Press, pp. 5, 14–15; Kira D. Baiasu, Fall 2009, Volume 10, Issue 1 (September 30, 2009), ''Northwestern Journal of International Affairs''.</ref>
* {{Saudi-Arabia}}: [[Saudien hallitsijasuku|Saud-suvun]] alaisuudessa vuodesta 1744)<ref>Toby Craig Jones, ''Desert Kingdom: How Oil and Water Forged Modern Saudi Arabia'' (2011), Harvard University Press, pp. 5, 14–15; Kira D. Baiasu, Fall 2009, Volume 10, Issue 1 (September 30, 2009), ''Northwestern Journal of International Affairs''.</ref>
* {{Etelä-Sudan}}: [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]]in alaisuudessa vuodesta (2011)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/south-sudan|accessdate=19 .4.2018|title=Freedom in the World South Sudan Report}}</ref>
* {{Etelä-Sudan}}: [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]]in alaisuudessa vuodesta 2011)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/south-sudan|accessdate=19 .4.2018|title=Freedom in the World South Sudan Report}}</ref>
* {{Sudan}}: [[Omar al-Bashir]]in alaisuudessa vuodesta (1989)<ref name="Freedom House">{{cite book|author=Freedom House|title=Freedom in the World 2016: Anxious Dictators, Wavering Democracies: Global Freedom Under Pressure|year=2016|url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FITW_Report_2016.pdf}}</ref>
* {{Sudan}}: [[Omar al-Bashir]]in alaisuudessa vuodesta 1989)<ref name="Freedom House">{{cite book|author=Freedom House|title=Freedom in the World 2016: Anxious Dictators, Wavering Democracies: Global Freedom Under Pressure|year=2016|url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FITW_Report_2016.pdf}}</ref>
* {{Syyria}}: [[Hafez Al-Assad|Hafez]] ja [[Bashar al-Assad]]in alaisuudessa vuodesta (1970)<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Heydemann|first1=Steven |last2=Leenders|first2=Reinoud |title=Middle East Authoritarianisms: Governance, Contestation, and Regime Resilience in Syria and Iran |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0804793339 |page=13}}</ref>
* {{Syyria}}: [[Hafez Al-Assad|Hafez]] ja [[Bashar al-Assad]]in alaisuudessa vuodesta 1970)<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Heydemann|first1=Steven |last2=Leenders|first2=Reinoud |title=Middle East Authoritarianisms: Governance, Contestation, and Regime Resilience in Syria and Iran |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0804793339 |page=13}}</ref>
* {{Tadžikistan}}: [[Emomali Rahmon]]in alaisuudessa vuodesta (1994)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/tajikistan|accessdate=19 .4.2018|title=Freedom in the World Tajikistan Report}}</ref>
* {{Tadžikistan}}: [[Emomali Rahmon]]in alaisuudessa vuodesta 1994)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/tajikistan|accessdate=19 .4.2018|title=Freedom in the World Tajikistan Report}}</ref>
* {{Thaimaa}}: [[Prayut Chan-o-cha]]n alaisuudessa vuodesta (2014)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cultural Rights as Collective Rights: An International Law Perspective|last=Jakubowski|first=Andrzej|publisher=Brill – Nijhoff|year=2016|isbn=978-9004312012|location=|page=196|quote=|via=}}</ref>
* {{Thaimaa}}: [[Prayut Chan-o-cha]]n alaisuudessa vuodesta 2014)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cultural Rights as Collective Rights: An International Law Perspective|last=Jakubowski|first=Andrzej|publisher=Brill – Nijhoff|year=2016|isbn=978-9004312012|location=|page=196|quote=|via=}}</ref>
* {{Turkki}}: [[Recep Tayyip Erdogan]] alaisuudessa vuodesta (2003) <ref>Berk Esena & Sebnem Gumuscub, [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436597.2015.1135732?journalCode=ctwq20 Rising competitive authoritarianism in Turkey], ''Third World Quarterly'' (February 19, 2016). </ref>
* {{Turkki}}: [[Recep Tayyip Erdogan]] alaisuudessa vuodesta 2003) <ref>Berk Esena & Sebnem Gumuscub, [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436597.2015.1135732?journalCode=ctwq20 Rising competitive authoritarianism in Turkey], ''Third World Quarterly'' (February 19, 2016). </ref>
* {{Turkmenistan}}: [[Saparmurat Niyazov]]in alaisuudessa vuodesta (1991–2006) ja [[Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow]]in alaisuudessa vuodesta (2006)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/europe/central-asia/turkmenistan|title=Turkmenistan|website=hrw.org|accessdate=4 .9.2016}}</ref>
* {{Turkmenistan}}: [[Saparmurat Niyazov]]in alaisuudessa vuodesta 1991–2006) ja [[Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow]]in alaisuudessa vuodesta 2006)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/europe/central-asia/turkmenistan|title=Turkmenistan|website=hrw.org|accessdate=4 .9.2016}}</ref>
* {{UAE}}: kuuden emiirikunnan hallitsija suvun alaisuudessa vuodesta (10. helmikuuta 1972)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newint.org/blog/2015/09/07/uae-human-rights|title=The dark side of the United Arab Emirates|date=7 .9.2015|website=newint.org|accessdate=22 .10.2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14703998|title=United Arab Emirates profile|date=29 .8.2017|publisher=|accessdate=22 .10.2017|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref>
* {{UAE}}: kuuden emiirikunnan hallitsija suvun alaisuudessa vuodesta 10. helmikuuta 1972)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newint.org/blog/2015/09/07/uae-human-rights|title=The dark side of the United Arab Emirates|date=7 .9.2015|website=newint.org|accessdate=22 .10.2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14703998|title=United Arab Emirates profile|date=29 .8.2017|publisher=|accessdate=22 .10.2017|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref>
* {{Uganda}}: itsenäisyyden ajasta asti (1964)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/uganda|accessdate=19 .4.2018|title=Freedom in the World Uganda Report}}</ref>
* {{Uganda}}: itsenäisyyden ajasta asti (1964)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/uganda|accessdate=19 .4.2018|title=Freedom in the World Uganda Report}}</ref>
* {{Uzbekistan}}: Islam Karimovina alaisuudessa vuodesta (1989–2016)<ref>Neil J. Melvin, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BmF4AgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Uzbekistan: Transition to Authoritarianism on the Silk Road]'' (Harwood Academic, 2000), pp. 28–30.</ref><ref>Shahram Akbarzadeh, "Post-Soviet Central Asia: The Limits of Islam" in ''Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries: Between Upheaval and Continuity'' (Oxford University Press, 2012: eds. Rainer Grote & Tilmann J. Röder), p. 428.</ref> and [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]] alaisuudessa vuodesta (2016-)<ref>https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21732574-new-president-less-brutal-his-predecessor-no-democrat-uzbek-spring-has-sprung</ref>
* {{Uzbekistan}}: [[Islom Karimov|Islam Karimov]]<nowiki/>ina alaisuudessa vuodesta 1989–2016)<ref>Neil J. Melvin, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BmF4AgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Uzbekistan: Transition to Authoritarianism on the Silk Road]'' (Harwood Academic, 2000), pp. 28–30.</ref><ref>Shahram Akbarzadeh, "Post-Soviet Central Asia: The Limits of Islam" in ''Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries: Between Upheaval and Continuity'' (Oxford University Press, 2012: eds. Rainer Grote & Tilmann J. Röder), p. 428.</ref> ja [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]] alaisuudessa vuodesta 2016-)<ref>https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21732574-new-president-less-brutal-his-predecessor-no-democrat-uzbek-spring-has-sprung</ref>
* {{Venezuela}}: [[Hugo Chávez]]in ja [[Nicolás Maduro]]n alaisuudessa vuodesta (1999)<ref>Human Rights Watch, [https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/03/05/venezuela-chavez-s-authoritarian-legacy Venezuela: Chávez’s Authoritarian Legacy: Dramatic Concentration of Power and Open Disregard for Basic Human Rights], March 5, 2013; Kurt Weyland, [http://www.journalofdemocracy.org/sites/default/files/Weyland-24-3.pdf Latin America's Authoritarian Drift: The Threat from the Populist Left], ''Journal of Democracy'', Vol. 24, No. 3 (July 2013), pp. 18–32.</ref>
* {{Venezuela}}: [[Hugo Chávez]]in ja [[Nicolás Maduro]]n alaisuudessa vuodesta 1999)<ref>Human Rights Watch, [https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/03/05/venezuela-chavez-s-authoritarian-legacy Venezuela: Chávez’s Authoritarian Legacy: Dramatic Concentration of Power and Open Disregard for Basic Human Rights], March 5, 2013; Kurt Weyland, [http://www.journalofdemocracy.org/sites/default/files/Weyland-24-3.pdf Latin America's Authoritarian Drift: The Threat from the Populist Left], ''Journal of Democracy'', Vol. 24, No. 3 (July 2013), pp. 18–32.</ref>
* {{Vietnam}}: Vietnamin kommunistisen puolueen alaisuudessa vuodesta (1976)
* {{Vietnam}}: [[Vietnamin kommunistinen puolue|Vietnamin kommunistisen puolue]]<nowiki/>en alaisuudessa vuodesta 1976)


==Historiallisia esimerkkejä==
==Historiallisia esimerkkejä==

Versio 15. maaliskuuta 2019 kello 10.47

Hakusana ”autoritaarinen” ohjaa tänne. Se voi viitata myös autoritaariseen persoonallisuuteen.
  Autoritaariset valtiot
  Rajoitetusti demokraattiset valtiot
  Demokraattiset valtiot
Lähteet: Freedom House, Bertelsmann-säätiö, IDEA

Autoritarismi tarkoittaa enemmän tai vähemmän itsevaltaista hallintotapaa erotuksena demokraattisesta hallintomuodosta.[1] Sillä tarkoitetaan vahvaa, keskitettyä vallankäyttöä ja poliittisen vapauden rajoittamista. Yksilönvapaus alistetaan valtiovallalle, jolla ei ole perustuslaillista valvontaa.[2]

Autoritaariset valtiot voi jakaa esimerkiksi sen mukaan, ovatko ne personalistisia vai populistisia.[3] Personalistisia hallitaan kannattajaverkostojen ja pakottamisen avulla enemmän kuin instituutioiden ja muodollisten sääntöjen.[3] Personalistisia autoritaarihallintoja on ollut siirtomaa-ajan jälkeisessä Afrikassa. Populistinen autoritarismi perustuu karismaattiseen ja manipuloivaan vahvaan johtajaan, jonka koalitioon kuuluu alempien luokkien avainryhmiä.[3] Tällaisia ovat Juan Perónin Argentiina,[3] Nasserin Egypti[3] sekä Venezuela Hugo Chávezin ja Nicolás Maduron aikana.[4][5]

John Duckitt korostaa autoritarismin ja kollektivismin yhteyttä, koska molemmat vastustavat individualismia.[6] Ne asettavat ryhmän tavoitteet yksilöiden oikeuksien ja tavoitteiden sijalle.[7]

Autoritaarista valtiota hallitsee keskitetysti yksi henkilö tai juntta (esimerkiksi sotilasdiktatuuri). Hallinto toimii yleensä ilman kansanedustusta, tai edustuksellisuus on tiukasti rajattu hallinnon kannattajiin. Hallinnon toimien ulkopuolista valvontaa ei ole järjestetty. Tyypillisesti autoritaarisen valtion johto on tietty eliittiryhmä, joka vallassa pysyäkseen käyttää painostusta.

Autoritaarisuutta pidetään politiikassa yleisesti liberaalin tai demokraattisen asennoitumisen vastakohtana. Toisaalta esimerkiksi Richard Sakwa on tuonut esiin termin ”demokraattinen autoritaarisuus” (engl. democratic authoritarianism) perustellen tätä sillä, että autoritaarisuus syntyy sekä sisällöstä että prosessista.[8]

Usein romahtaa suoriutuessaan huonosti

Autoritaarisen hallinnon legitimiteetti on riippuvainen sen suorituskyvystä. Haasteiden tullen hallinto usein tiukentaa otettaan, jolloin sen on usein vaikea tyydyttää kansan tarpeita. Tämä voi viedä legitimiteetin ja kaataa autoritaarisen hallinnon.[9]

Singapore on esimerkki puoliautoritaarisesta hallinnosta, jonka aikana kansan elintaso on noussut moninkertaiseksi. Hallinto oikeuttaa toimintansa vetoamalla näihin hyötyihin ja tehokkuuteen, ja se ei-poliittisten kansalaisten elämään paljon vapauksia, myös talouselämä on harvinaisen vapaata. Muodollisesti maa on demokratia, mutta erilaisin keinoin opposition toiminta tehdään vaikeaksi.

Ideologinen hallinto,kuten totalitarismi, saattaa voida pysyä vallassa ideologiaansa vedoten ja tiukan kontrollin avulla, vaikka kansan elintaso olisi surkea. Vrt. Pohjois-Korea, Maon Kiina sekä 1980-luvun kommunistiset Etiopia ja Somalia. Silti kaikenlaiset hallinnot kaatuvat helpoimmin huonoina aikoina.

Autoritaarisen ja totalitaarisen hallinnon eroja

Totalitarismi tarkoittaa yleensä ideologiaan perustuvaa hallintoa, joka ulottuu kaikille elämän aloille (kommunismi, kansallissosialismi, ääri-islamismi, esimerkiksi Hitlerin, Maon ja Stalinin hallinnot). Autoritarismilla yleensä tarkoitetaan suppeampaa hallintoa, jossa valtio jättää tiettyä vapautta yksityiselämään ja talouteen. Se ei välttämättä perustu ideologiaan, mutta yleensä tällaiset valtiot luetaan autoritaarisiksi, vaikka ne olisivatkin ideologisia, kuten sosialistiset Chávezin ja Maduron Venezuela, Nasserin Egypti, Gaddafin Libya tai Sosialistisen ohjelman puolueen Burma (ks. luettelot tällä sivulla).

Yhdysvalloissa määriteltiin autoritarismin ero totalitarismiin Kirkpatrickin doktriinia sovellettaessa. Jeane Kirkpatrickin kehittämän doktriini saneli Yhdysvaltain ulkopolitiikkaa 1980-luvun alusta. Teorian mukaan lännen kanssa yhteistyötä tekevät ei-demokraattiset valtiot olivat ”autoritaarisia”, kun taas Neuvostoblokki oli ”totalitaarinen”. Kirkpatrickin mukaan totalitaariset valtiot olivat kestävämpiä ja siksi vaarallisempia kuin autoritaariset. Esimerkkejä autoritaarisista valtioista ja järjestöistä olivat Ferdinand Marcosin Filippiinit, sekä Angolan UNITA- ja Nicaraguan Contra-sissiliikkeet. Joidenkin määritelmien mukaan autoritaarista ja totalitaarista hallintoa erottaa pääasiassa se, että siinä kun autoritaarisessa yhteiskunnassa valtaa pitää yksi henkilö tai ihmisryhmä, niin totalitaarisessa yhteiskunnassa vallassa on yksi poliittinen tai uskonnollinen ideologia.

Nykyisiä esimerkkejä

Seuraavasta listasta muun muassa Pohjois-Korea ja ainakin vuosien 1949-1976 osalta Kiina luokitellaan totalitaristisiksi, koska niissä ideologinen hallinto tunkeutuu kaikille elämänaloille. Siksi niitä ja eräitä muita ei usein lasketa autoritaristisiksi.

Historiallisia esimerkkejä

Valtio Aikakausi Valtapuolue tai johtaja
 Argentiina[74][75] 1966–1973 Sotilashallitus
1973–1974 Peronismi Juan Perónin valtakaudella
1976–1983 Jorge Rafael Videla
 Brasilia[76] 1937–1945 Getúlio Vargas
1964–1985 sotilasjuntta
 Burma[77] 1962–2011 Sotilashallitus. Burman sosialistisen ohjelman puolue
 Chile[78] 1973–1990 Augusto Pinochet
 Kroatia[79][80] 1990–1999 Franjo Tuđman
 Tšekkoslovakia 1938–1939 Kansallisen yhtenäisyyden puolue
 Egypti[81] 1952–2011 Gamal Abdel Nasser, Anwar Sadat ja Hosni Mubarak
 Indonesia 1967–1998 Suharto
 Libya[82] 1969–2011 Muammar Gaddafi
 Liettua[83] 1926–1940 Antanas Smetona
 Pohjois-Makedonia[84][85] 2006–2016 Nikola Gruevski
 Portugali[86] 1926–1933 sotilasjuntta
1933–1974 António de Oliveira Salazar and Marcelo Caetano
Espanja [87] 1936–1975 Francisco Franco
 Etelä-Afrikka [88][89] 1948–1994 Kansallispuolue
 Etelä-Korea[90] [91] [92][93] 1948–1960 Syngman Rhee
1962–1987 Park Chung-hee ja Chun Doo-hwan
 Taiwan[94] 1945–1990 Kuomintang
 Turkki[95][96] 1925–1945 Tasavaltalainen kansanpuolue
 Serbia ja Montenegro[97][98] 1991–2000 Slobodan Milošević
 Zimbabwe[99] 1980–2017 Robert Mugabe

Konstantin Pätsin Viro

Esimerkki autoritaarisesta hallinnosta voisi olla Viron Konstantin Pätsin hallinto vuosina 1934–1938. Äärioikeistolaisten vapsien (vapaussoturien) ollessa voittamaisillaan vaalit Päts esti tämän hyödyntämällä näiden tahdosta jo säädettyä valtionpäämiehen oikeutta hallita ilman eduskuntaa. Päts julisti maahan poikkeustilan, toimi autoritaarisena yksinvaltiaana ja kielsi poliittiset puolueet. Vaikka järjestäytynyt poliittinen vastustus oli tällöin kielletty, jonkinasteinen oppositiotoiminta sallittiin. Kansanedustuksellisia elimiä ei poistettu, mutta esimerkiksi parlamenttia ei kutsuttu koolle, ja muiden elimien vaaleissa ehdokasasettelu rajattiin hallituksen kannattajiin. Päts valitutti itsensä riigivanemiksi ja presidentiksi. Poliittisia vastustajia painostettiin monin tavoin, ja vangitsemiset olivat yleisiä. Vastustajia ei kuitenkaan teloitettu. Viron myöhempi presidentti Lennart Meri on kuvannut Pätsin hallintoa pehmeäksi diktatuuriksi. Vuonna 1938 vapsien aseman heikennyttyä hän alkoi taas palauttaa demokraattisia elementtejä hallintoon.

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