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Rivi 84: Rivi 84:
!Valtapuolue tai johtaja
!Valtapuolue tai johtaja
|-
|-
|rowspan="3"|{{Argentina}}<ref>Todd L. Edwards, ''Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook'' (2008), pp. 45–46; Steven E. Sanderson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=_xWYSJw3aAQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false The Politics of Trade in Latin American Development] (1992), Stanford University Press, p. 133; William C. Smith, ''Reflections on the Political Economy of Authoritarian Rule and Capitalist Reorganization in Contemporary Argentina'', in ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=r0PoAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Generals in Retreat: The Crisis of Military Rule in Latin America]'' (1985), eds. Philip J. O'Brien & Paul A. Cammack, Manchester University Press.</ref><ref>Guillermo A. O'Donnell, ''Bureaucratic Authoritarianism: Argentina, 1966–1973, in Comparative Perspective'' (University of California Press, 1988); James M. Malloy, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BHxRrTrLSokC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Authoritarianism and Corporatism in Latin America: The Modal Pattern]'', in ''Democracy in Latin America: Patterns and Cycles'' (1996; ed. Roderic A. Camp), p. 122; Howard J. Wiards, ''Corporatism and Comparative Politics: The Other Great "ism"'' (1997), pp. 113–14.</ref>
|rowspan="3"|{{Argentiina}}<ref>Todd L. Edwards, ''Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook'' (2008), pp. 45–46; Steven E. Sanderson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=_xWYSJw3aAQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false The Politics of Trade in Latin American Development] (1992), Stanford University Press, p. 133; William C. Smith, ''Reflections on the Political Economy of Authoritarian Rule and Capitalist Reorganization in Contemporary Argentina'', in ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=r0PoAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Generals in Retreat: The Crisis of Military Rule in Latin America]'' (1985), eds. Philip J. O'Brien & Paul A. Cammack, Manchester University Press.</ref><ref>Guillermo A. O'Donnell, ''Bureaucratic Authoritarianism: Argentina, 1966–1973, in Comparative Perspective'' (University of California Press, 1988); James M. Malloy, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BHxRrTrLSokC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Authoritarianism and Corporatism in Latin America: The Modal Pattern]'', in ''Democracy in Latin America: Patterns and Cycles'' (1996; ed. Roderic A. Camp), p. 122; Howard J. Wiards, ''Corporatism and Comparative Politics: The Other Great "ism"'' (1997), pp. 113–14.</ref>
|1966–1973
|1966–1973
|Sotilashallitus
|Sotilashallitus
|-
|-
|1973–1974
|1973–1974
|[[Peronismi]] [[Juan Perón|Juan Perónin]] valtakaudella
|[[Peronismi]] [[Juan Perón]]in valtakaudella
|-
|-
|1976–1983
|1976–1983
|[[Jorge Rafael Videla]]
|[[Jorge Rafael Videla]]
|-
|-
|rowspan="2"|{{flagicon image|Flag of Brazil (1889-1960).svg}} [[Brazil]]<ref>James M. Malloy, ''Authoritarianism and Corporatism in Latin America: The Modal Pattern, in Democracy in Latin America: Patterns and Cycles'' (ed. Roderic A. Camp), p. 122; Thomas E. Skidmore, ''The Political Economy of Policy-making in Authoritarian Brazil, 1967–70'', in ''Generals in Retreat: The Crisis of Military Rule in Latin America'' (1985), eds. Philip J. O'Brien & Paul A. Cammack, Manchester University Press.</ref>
|rowspan="2"|{{Brasilia}}<ref>James M. Malloy, ''Authoritarianism and Corporatism in Latin America: The Modal Pattern, in Democracy in Latin America: Patterns and Cycles'' (ed. Roderic A. Camp), p. 122; Thomas E. Skidmore, ''The Political Economy of Policy-making in Authoritarian Brazil, 1967–70'', in ''Generals in Retreat: The Crisis of Military Rule in Latin America'' (1985), eds. Philip J. O'Brien & Paul A. Cammack, Manchester University Press.</ref>
|1937–1945
|1937–1945
|[[Getúlio Vargas]]
|[[Getúlio Vargas]]
Rivi 101: Rivi 101:
|sotilasjuntta
|sotilasjuntta
|-
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Myanmar (1974-2010).svg}} [[Burma]]<ref>Thomas Carothers, [http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/04/02/is-burma-democratizing/a62j Q&A: Is Burma Democratizing?] (April 2, 2012), Carnegie Endowment for International Peace; [http://asiafoundation.org/news/2013/04/asia-foundation-president-discusses-burmamyanmar-in-transition-at-world-affairs-council-sacramento/ President Discusses Burma/Myanmar in Transition at World Affairs Council Sacramento] (April 3, 2013), Asia Foundation; Louise Arbour, [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/06/opinion/in-myanmar-sanctions-have-had-their-day.html In Myanmar, Sanctions Have Had Their Day] (March 5, 2012), ''The New York Times''.</ref>
|{{Burma (1974-2010)}}<ref>Thomas Carothers, [http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/04/02/is-burma-democratizing/a62j Q&A: Is Burma Democratizing?] (April 2, 2012), Carnegie Endowment for International Peace; [http://asiafoundation.org/news/2013/04/asia-foundation-president-discusses-burmamyanmar-in-transition-at-world-affairs-council-sacramento/ President Discusses Burma/Myanmar in Transition at World Affairs Council Sacramento] (April 3, 2013), Asia Foundation; Louise Arbour, [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/06/opinion/in-myanmar-sanctions-have-had-their-day.html In Myanmar, Sanctions Have Had Their Day] (March 5, 2012), ''The New York Times''.</ref>
|1962–2011
|1962–2011
|Sotilashallitus. [[Burman sosialistisen ohjelman puolue]]
|Sotilashallitus. [[Burman sosialistisen ohjelman puolue]]
Rivi 109: Rivi 109:
|[[Augusto Pinochet]]
|[[Augusto Pinochet]]
|-
|-
|{{Croatia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/1999/dec/13/guardianobituaries.iantraynor|title=Franjo Tudjman, Authoritarian leader whose communist past and nationalist obsessions fuelled his ruthless pursuit of an independent Croatia|date=13 December 1999|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=5 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Franjo-Tudjman|title=Franjo Tuđman|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=5 January 2019}}</ref>
|{{Kroatia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/1999/dec/13/guardianobituaries.iantraynor|title=Franjo Tudjman, Authoritarian leader whose communist past and nationalist obsessions fuelled his ruthless pursuit of an independent Croatia|date=13 December 1999|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=5 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Franjo-Tudjman|title=Franjo Tuđman|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=5 January 2019}}</ref>
|1990–1999
|1990–1999
|[[Franjo Tuđman]]
|[[Franjo Tuđman]]
|-
|-
|{{Czechoslovakia}}
|{{Tšekkoslovakia}}
|1938–1939
|1938–1939
|Kansallisen yhtenäisyyden puolue
|Kansallisen yhtenäisyyden puolue
|-
|-
|{{Egypt}}<ref>Maye Kassem, ''Egyptian Politics: The Dynamics of Authoritarian Rule'' (2004); Andrea M. Perkins, [http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2736&context=etd Mubarak's Machine: The Durability of the Authoritarian Regime in Egypt] (M.A. thesis, April 8, 2010, University of South Florida).</ref>
|{{Egypti}}<ref>Maye Kassem, ''Egyptian Politics: The Dynamics of Authoritarian Rule'' (2004); Andrea M. Perkins, [http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2736&context=etd Mubarak's Machine: The Durability of the Authoritarian Regime in Egypt] (M.A. thesis, April 8, 2010, University of South Florida).</ref>
|1952–2011
|1952–2011
|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], [[Anwar Sadat]] and [[Hosni Mubarak]]
|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], [[Anwar Sadat]] and [[Hosni Mubarak]]
Rivi 125: Rivi 125:
|[[Suharto]]
|[[Suharto]]
|-
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Libya (1977-2011).svg}}[[Libya]]<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/world/gaddafis-rule-timeline/ Gaddafi's 41-Year-Long Rule], ''The Washington Post''; Martin Asser, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12688033 The Muammar Gaddafi Story] (October 21, 2011), BBC News; Alistair Dawber, [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/one-libyan-in-three-wants-return-to-authoritarian-rule-6950631.html One Libyan in three wants return to authoritarian rule] (February 16, 2012), ''Independent''.</ref>
|{{Libya (1977-2011)}}<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/world/gaddafis-rule-timeline/ Gaddafi's 41-Year-Long Rule], ''The Washington Post''; Martin Asser, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12688033 The Muammar Gaddafi Story] (October 21, 2011), BBC News; Alistair Dawber, [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/one-libyan-in-three-wants-return-to-authoritarian-rule-6950631.html One Libyan in three wants return to authoritarian rule] (February 16, 2012), ''Independent''.</ref>
|1969–2011
|1969–2011
|[[Muammar Gaddafi]]
|[[Muammar Gaddafi]]
|-
|-
|{{Lithuania}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Misiunas|first=Romuald J.|year=1970|title=Fascist Tendencies in Lithuania|journal=Slavonic and East European Review|volume=48|issue=110|pages=88–109|jstor=4206165}}</ref>
|{{Liettua}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Misiunas|first=Romuald J.|year=1970|title=Fascist Tendencies in Lithuania|journal=Slavonic and East European Review|volume=48|issue=110|pages=88–109|jstor=4206165}}</ref>
|1926–1940
|1926–1940
|[[Antanas Smetona]]
|[[Antanas Smetona]]
|-
|-
|{{Macedonia}}<ref>Matthew Brunwasser, [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/14/world/europe/concerns-grow-about-authoritarianism-in-macedonia.html?_r=0/ Concerns Grow About Authoritarianism in Macedonia], ''The New York Times'', October 13, 2011.</ref><ref>Andrew MacDowall, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/27/fears-macedonias-fragile-democracy-amid-coup-wiretap-claims Fears for Macedonia's fragile democracy amid 'coup' and wiretap claims], ''The Guardian'', February 27, 2015.</ref>
|{{Makedonia}}<ref>Matthew Brunwasser, [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/14/world/europe/concerns-grow-about-authoritarianism-in-macedonia.html?_r=0/ Concerns Grow About Authoritarianism in Macedonia], ''The New York Times'', October 13, 2011.</ref><ref>Andrew MacDowall, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/27/fears-macedonias-fragile-democracy-amid-coup-wiretap-claims Fears for Macedonia's fragile democracy amid 'coup' and wiretap claims], ''The Guardian'', February 27, 2015.</ref>
|2006–2016
|2006–2016
|[[Nikola Gruevski]]
|[[Nikola Gruevski]]
|-
|-
|rowspan="2"|{{Portugal}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pinto|first=António Costa|year=2006|title=Authoritarian legacies, transitional justice and state crisis in Portugal's democratization|journal=Democratization|volume=13|issue=2|pages=173–204|doi=10.1080/13510340500523895}} [http://www.ics.ul.pt/publicacoes/workingpapers/wp2005/wp2005_3.pdf Working paper].</ref>
|rowspan="2"|{{Portugali}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pinto|first=António Costa|year=2006|title=Authoritarian legacies, transitional justice and state crisis in Portugal's democratization|journal=Democratization|volume=13|issue=2|pages=173–204|doi=10.1080/13510340500523895}} [http://www.ics.ul.pt/publicacoes/workingpapers/wp2005/wp2005_3.pdf Working paper].</ref>
|1926–1933
|1926–1933
|sotilasjuntta
|sotilasjuntta
Rivi 144: Rivi 144:
|[[António de Oliveira Salazar]] and [[Marcelo Caetano]]
|[[António de Oliveira Salazar]] and [[Marcelo Caetano]]
|-
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Spain (1945 - 1977).svg}} [[Spain]]<ref>Richard Gunther, ''The Spanish Model Revisited'', in ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=JhStAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false The Politics and Memory of Democratic Transition: The Spanish Model]'', (eds. Diego Muro & Gregorio Alonso), Taylor & Francis 2010, p. 19.</ref>
|{{Espanja (1945-1977)}} <ref>Richard Gunther, ''The Spanish Model Revisited'', in ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=JhStAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false The Politics and Memory of Democratic Transition: The Spanish Model]'', (eds. Diego Muro & Gregorio Alonso), Taylor & Francis 2010, p. 19.</ref>
|1936–1975
|1936–1975
|[[Francisco Franco]]
|[[Francisco Franco]]
|-
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of South Africa (1928-1994).svg}} [[South Africa]]<ref>Tracy Kuperus, [https://books.google.com/books?id=J-n5URXKPRoC&pg=PA77 Building a Pluralist Democracy: An Examination of Religious Associations in South Africa and Zimbabwe], in ''Race and Reconciliation in South Africa: A Multicultural Dialogue in Comparative Perspective'' (eds. William E. Van Vugt & G. Daan Cloete), Lexington Books, 2000.</ref><ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=pQf1AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 The South Africa Reader: History, Culture, Politics]'' (eds. Clifton Crais & Thomas V. McClendon; Duke University Press, 2014), p. 279.</ref>
|{{Etelä-Afrikka (1928-1994)}} <ref>Tracy Kuperus, [https://books.google.com/books?id=J-n5URXKPRoC&pg=PA77 Building a Pluralist Democracy: An Examination of Religious Associations in South Africa and Zimbabwe], in ''Race and Reconciliation in South Africa: A Multicultural Dialogue in Comparative Perspective'' (eds. William E. Van Vugt & G. Daan Cloete), Lexington Books, 2000.</ref><ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=pQf1AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 The South Africa Reader: History, Culture, Politics]'' (eds. Clifton Crais & Thomas V. McClendon; Duke University Press, 2014), p. 279.</ref>
|1948–1994
|1948–1994
|[[Kansallispuolue (Etelä-Afrikka)|Kansallispuolue]]
|[[Kansallispuolue (Etelä-Afrikka)|Kansallispuolue]]
|-
|-
|rowspan="2"|{{South Korea}}<ref>[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/the-other-rok-memories-authoritarianism-democratic-south-korea The Other R.O.K.: Memories of Authoritarianism in Democratic South Korea] (October 11, 2011), [[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]]; Sangmook Lee, [http://www.tfd.org.tw/docs/dj0301_new/099-126-Sangmook%20Lee.pdf Democratic Transition and the Consolidation of Democracy in South Korea] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224195621/http://www.tfd.org.tw/docs/dj0301_new/099-126-Sangmook%20Lee.pdf|date=December 24, 2012}} July 2007, ''Taiwan Journal of Democracy'', Volume 3, No. 1, pp. 99–125.</ref><ref>Hyug Baeg Im, [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=44F94BAE852A3B2B3E02069091C16DFC.journals?fromPage=online&aid=7616752 The Rise of Bureaucratic Authoritarianism in South Korea], ''World Politics'' Vol. 39, Issue 2 (January 1987), pp. 231–57</ref>
|rowspan="2"|{{Etelä-Korea}}<ref>[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/the-other-rok-memories-authoritarianism-democratic-south-korea The Other R.O.K.: Memories of Authoritarianism in Democratic South Korea] (October 11, 2011), [[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]]; Sangmook Lee, [http://www.tfd.org.tw/docs/dj0301_new/099-126-Sangmook%20Lee.pdf Democratic Transition and the Consolidation of Democracy in South Korea] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224195621/http://www.tfd.org.tw/docs/dj0301_new/099-126-Sangmook%20Lee.pdf|date=December 24, 2012}} July 2007, ''Taiwan Journal of Democracy'', Volume 3, No. 1, pp. 99–125.</ref><ref>Hyug Baeg Im, [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=44F94BAE852A3B2B3E02069091C16DFC.journals?fromPage=online&aid=7616752 The Rise of Bureaucratic Authoritarianism in South Korea], ''World Politics'' Vol. 39, Issue 2 (January 1987), pp. 231–57</ref>
|1948–1960
|1948–1960
|[[Syngman Rhee]]
|[[Syngman Rhee]]
Rivi 163: Rivi 163:
|[[Kuomintang]]
|[[Kuomintang]]
|-
|-
|{{Turkey}}<ref>Erik J. Zürcher, [https://books.google.com/books?id=qaC24BFy4JQC Turkey: A Modern History] (I.B. Tauris: rev. ed. 1997), pp. 176–206.</ref><ref>Ayse Gül Altinay, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=keLIAAAAQBAJ The Myth of the Military-Nation: Militarism, Gender, and Education in Turkey]'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), pp. 19–20.</ref>
|{{Turkki}}<ref>Erik J. Zürcher, [https://books.google.com/books?id=qaC24BFy4JQC Turkey: A Modern History] (I.B. Tauris: rev. ed. 1997), pp. 176–206.</ref><ref>Ayse Gül Altinay, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=keLIAAAAQBAJ The Myth of the Military-Nation: Militarism, Gender, and Education in Turkey]'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), pp. 19–20.</ref>
|1925–1945
|1925–1945
|[[Tasavaltalainen kansanpuolue]]
|[[Tasavaltalainen kansanpuolue]]
|-
|-
|{{FR Yugoslavia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/931018.stm|title=Milosevic: Serbia's fallen strongmany |date=30 March 2001|publisher=BBC|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Pribićević|title="Serbia—From Authoritarian Regime to Democracy." Serbian Studies: Journal of the North American Society for Serbian Studies|publisher=Project MUSE}}</ref>
|{{Serbia ja Montenegro}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/931018.stm|title=Milosevic: Serbia's fallen strongmany |date=30 March 2001|publisher=BBC|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Pribićević|title="Serbia—From Authoritarian Regime to Democracy." Serbian Studies: Journal of the North American Society for Serbian Studies|publisher=Project MUSE}}</ref>
|1991–2000
|1991–2000
|[[Slobodan Milošević]]
|[[Slobodan Milošević]]

Versio 14. maaliskuuta 2019 kello 12.00

Hakusana ”autoritaarinen” ohjaa tänne. Se voi viitata myös autoritaariseen persoonallisuuteen.
  Autoritaariset valtiot
  Rajoitetusti demokraattiset valtiot
  Demokraattiset valtiot
Lähteet: Freedom House, Bertelsmann-säätiö, IDEA
Osa artikkelisarjaa
Valtiomuodot
Vallan lähde
Vallan ideologia
Vallan rakenne

Autoritarismi tarkoittaa enemmän tai vähemmän itsevaltaista hallintotapaa erotuksena demokraattisesta hallintomuodosta.[1] Sillä tarkoitetaan vahvaa, keskitettyä vallankäyttöä ja poliittisen vapauden rajoittamista. Yksilönvapaus alistetaan valtiovallalle, jolla ei ole perustuslaillista valvontaa.[2]

Autoritaariset valtiot voi jakaa esimerkiksi sen mukaan, ovatko ne personalistisia vai populistisia.[3] Personalistisia hallitaan kannattajaverkostojen ja pakottamisen avulla enemmän kuin instituutioiden ja muodollisten sääntöjen.[3] Personalistisia autoritaarihallintoja on ollut siirtomaa-ajan jälkeisessä Afrikassa. Populistinen autoritarismi perustuu karismaattiseen ja manipuloivaan vahvaan johtajaan, jonka koalitioon kuuluu alempien luokkien avainryhmiä.[3] Tällaisia ovat Juan Perónin Argentiina,[3] Nasserin Egypti[3] sekä Venezuela Hugo Chávezin ja Nicolás Maduron aikana.[4][5]

John Duckitt korostaa autoritarismin ja kollektivismin yhteyttä, koska molemmat vastustavat individualismia.[6] Ne asettavat ryhmän tavoitteet yksilöiden oikeuksien ja tavoitteiden sijalle.[7]

Autoritaarista valtiota hallitsee keskitetysti yksi henkilö tai juntta (esimerkiksi sotilasdiktatuuri). Hallinto toimii yleensä ilman kansanedustusta, tai edustuksellisuus on tiukasti rajattu hallinnon kannattajiin. Hallinnon toimien ulkopuolista valvontaa ei ole järjestetty. Tyypillisesti autoritaarisen valtion johto on tietty eliittiryhmä, joka vallassa pysyäkseen käyttää painostusta.

Autoritaarisuutta pidetään politiikassa yleisesti liberaalin tai demokraattisen asennoitumisen vastakohtana. Toisaalta esimerkiksi Richard Sakwa on tuonut esiin termin ”demokraattinen autoritaarisuus” (engl. democratic authoritarianism) perustellen tätä sillä, että autoritaarisuus syntyy sekä sisällöstä että prosessista.[8]

Usein romahtaa suoriutuessaan huonosti

Autoritaarisen hallinnon legitimiteetti on riippuvainen sen suorituskyvystä. Haasteiden tullen hallinto usein tiukentaa otettaan, jolloin sen on usein vaikea tyydyttää kansan tarpeita. Tämä voi viedä legitimiteetin ja kaataa autoritaarisen hallinnon.[9]

Singapore on esimerkki puoliautoritaarisesta hallinnosta, jonka aikana kansan elintaso on noussut moninkertaiseksi. Hallinto oikeuttaa toimintansa vetoamalla näihin hyötyihin ja tehokkuuteen, ja se ei-poliittisten kansalaisten elämään paljon vapauksia, myös talouselämä on harvinaisen vapaata. Muodollisesti maa on demokratia, mutta erilaisin keinoin opposition toiminta tehdään vaikeaksi.

Ideologinen hallinto,kuten totalitarismi, saattaa voida pysyä vallassa ideologiaansa vedoten ja tiukan kontrollin avulla, vaikka kansan elintaso olisi surkea. Vrt. Pohjois-Korea, Maon Kiina sekä 1980-luvun kommunistiset Etiopia ja Somalia. Silti kaikenlaiset hallinnot kaatuvat helpoimmin huonoina aikoina.

Autoritaarisen ja totalitaarisen hallinnon eroja

Totalitarismi tarkoittaa yleensä ideologiaan perustuvaa hallintoa, joka ulottuu kaikille elämän aloille (kommunismi, kansallissosialismi, ääri-islamismi, esimerkiksi Hitlerin, Maon ja Stalinin hallinnot). Autoritarismilla yleensä tarkoitetaan suppeampaa hallintoa, jossa valtio jättää tiettyä vapautta yksityiselämään ja talouteen. Se ei välttämättä perustu ideologiaan, mutta yleensä tällaiset valtiot luetaan autoritaarisiksi, vaikka ne olisivatkin ideologisia, kuten sosialistiset Chávezin ja Maduron Venezuela, Nasserin Egypti, Gaddafin Libya tai Sosialistisen ohjelman puolueen Burma (ks. luettelot tällä sivulla).

Yhdysvalloissa määriteltiin autoritarismin ero totalitarismiin Kirkpatrickin doktriinia sovellettaessa. Jeane Kirkpatrickin kehittämän doktriini saneli Yhdysvaltain ulkopolitiikkaa 1980-luvun alusta. Teorian mukaan lännen kanssa yhteistyötä tekevät ei-demokraattiset valtiot olivat ”autoritaarisia”, kun taas Neuvostoblokki oli ”totalitaarinen”. Kirkpatrickin mukaan totalitaariset valtiot olivat kestävämpiä ja siksi vaarallisempia kuin autoritaariset. Esimerkkejä autoritaarisista valtioista ja järjestöistä olivat Ferdinand Marcosin Filippiinit, sekä Angolan UNITA- ja Nicaraguan Contra-sissiliikkeet. Joidenkin määritelmien mukaan autoritaarista ja totalitaarista hallintoa erottaa pääasiassa se, että siinä kun autoritaarisessa yhteiskunnassa valtaa pitää yksi henkilö tai ihmisryhmä, niin totalitaarisessa yhteiskunnassa vallassa on yksi poliittinen tai uskonnollinen ideologia.

Nykyisiä esimerkkejä

Seuraavasta listasta muun muassa Pohjois-Korea ja ainakin vuosien 1949-1976 osalta Kiina luokitellaan totalitaristisiksi, koska niissä ideologinen hallinto tunkeutuu kaikille elämänaloille. Siksi niitä ja eräitä muita ei usein lasketa autoritaristisiksi.

Historiallisia esimerkkejä

Valtio Aikakausi Valtapuolue tai johtaja
 Argentiina[74][75] 1966–1973 Sotilashallitus
1973–1974 Peronismi Juan Perónin valtakaudella
1976–1983 Jorge Rafael Videla
 Brasilia[76] 1937–1945 Getúlio Vargas
1964–1985 sotilasjuntta
Malline:Burma (1974-2010)[77] 1962–2011 Sotilashallitus. Burman sosialistisen ohjelman puolue
 Chile[78] 1973–1990 Augusto Pinochet
 Kroatia[79][80] 1990–1999 Franjo Tuđman
 Tšekkoslovakia 1938–1939 Kansallisen yhtenäisyyden puolue
 Egypti[81] 1952–2011 Gamal Abdel Nasser, Anwar Sadat and Hosni Mubarak
 Indonesia 1967–1998 Suharto
 Libya[82] 1969–2011 Muammar Gaddafi
 Liettua[83] 1926–1940 Antanas Smetona
 Pohjois-Makedonia[84][85] 2006–2016 Nikola Gruevski
 Portugali[86] 1926–1933 sotilasjuntta
1933–1974 António de Oliveira Salazar and Marcelo Caetano
Espanja [87] 1936–1975 Francisco Franco
 Etelä-Afrikka [88][89] 1948–1994 Kansallispuolue
 Etelä-Korea[90][91] 1948–1960 Syngman Rhee
1962–1987 Park Chung-hee ja Chun Doo-hwan
 Taiwan[92] 1945–1990 Kuomintang
 Turkki[93][94] 1925–1945 Tasavaltalainen kansanpuolue
 Serbia ja Montenegro[95][96] 1991–2000 Slobodan Milošević
 Zimbabwe[97] 1980–2017 Robert Mugabe

Konstantin Pätsin Viro

Esimerkki autoritaarisesta hallinnosta voisi olla Viron Konstantin Pätsin hallinto vuosina 1934–1938. Äärioikeistolaisten vapsien (vapaussoturien) ollessa voittamaisillaan vaalit Päts esti tämän hyödyntämällä näiden tahdosta jo säädettyä valtionpäämiehen oikeutta hallita ilman eduskuntaa. Päts julisti maahan poikkeustilan, toimi autoritaarisena yksinvaltiaana ja kielsi poliittiset puolueet. Vaikka järjestäytynyt poliittinen vastustus oli tällöin kielletty, jonkinasteinen oppositiotoiminta sallittiin. Kansanedustuksellisia elimiä ei poistettu, mutta esimerkiksi parlamenttia ei kutsuttu koolle, ja muiden elimien vaaleissa ehdokasasettelu rajattiin hallituksen kannattajiin. Päts valitutti itsensä riigivanemiksi ja presidentiksi. Poliittisia vastustajia painostettiin monin tavoin, ja vangitsemiset olivat yleisiä. Vastustajia ei kuitenkaan teloitettu. Viron myöhempi presidentti Lennart Meri on kuvannut Pätsin hallintoa pehmeäksi diktatuuriksi. Vuonna 1938 vapsien aseman heikennyttyä hän alkoi taas palauttaa demokraattisia elementtejä hallintoon.

Lähteet

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