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Seuraavasta listasta muun muassa Pohjois-Korea ja ainakin vuosien 1949-1976 osalta Kiina luokitellaan totalitaristisiksi, koska niissä ideologinen hallinto tunkeutuu kaikille elämänaloille. Siksi niitä ja eräitä muita ei usein lasketa autoritaristisiksi.
Seuraavasta listasta muun muassa Pohjois-Korea ja ainakin vuosien 1949-1976 osalta Kiina luokitellaan totalitaristisiksi, koska niissä ideologinen hallinto tunkeutuu kaikille elämänaloille. Siksi niitä ja eräitä muita ei usein lasketa autoritaristisiksi.


* {{Algeria}} under [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]] (1999–)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/algeria|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Algeria Report}}</ref>
* {{Algeria}} [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]] (1999–)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/algeria|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Algeria Report}}</ref>
* {{Angola}} under the [[MPLA|People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola Party]] (1975–)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/angola|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Angola Report}}</ref>
* {{Angola}} the [[MPLA|People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola Party]] (1975–)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/angola|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Angola Report}}</ref>
* {{Azerbaidžan}} under [[Heydar Aliyev]] (1993-2003) and [[Ilham Aliyev]] (2003–)<ref>{{cite news|last=Vincent|first=Rebecca|title=When the music dies: Azerbaijan one year after Eurovision|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/05/2013519690697916.html|accessdate=10 June 2013|date=19 May 2013|agency=[[Al Jazeera]]|quote=Over the past several years, Azerbaijan has become increasingly authoritarian, as the authorities have used tactics such as harassment, intimidation, blackmail, attack and imprisonment to silence the regime’s critics, whether journalists, bloggers, human rights defenders, political activists or ordinary people taking to the streets in protest.}}</ref>
* {{Azerbaidžan}} [[Heydar Aliyev]] (1993-2003) and [[Ilham Aliyev]] (2003–)<ref>{{cite news|last=Vincent|first=Rebecca|title=When the music dies: Azerbaijan one year after Eurovision|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/05/2013519690697916.html|accessdate=10 June 2013|date=19 May 2013|agency=[[Al Jazeera]]|quote=Over the past several years, Azerbaijan has become increasingly authoritarian, as the authorities have used tactics such as harassment, intimidation, blackmail, attack and imprisonment to silence the regime’s critics, whether journalists, bloggers, human rights defenders, political activists or ordinary people taking to the streets in protest.}}</ref>
* {{Bahrain}} under the [[House of Khalifa]] (1746–)<ref>Nebil Husayn, [http://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/Bahrain%20AMSS%20-%20Abstract%20-%20Outline_0.pdf Authoritarianism in Bahrain: Motives, Methods and Challenges], AMSS 41st Annual Conference (September 29, 2012); [http://cddrl.stanford.edu/events/parliamentary_elections_and_authoritarian_rule_in_bahrain Parliamentary Elections and Authoritarian Rule in Bahrain] (January 13, 2011), Stanford University</ref>
* {{Bahrain}} the [[House of Khalifa]] (1746–)<ref>Nebil Husayn, [http://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/Bahrain%20AMSS%20-%20Abstract%20-%20Outline_0.pdf Authoritarianism in Bahrain: Motives, Methods and Challenges], AMSS 41st Annual Conference (September 29, 2012); [http://cddrl.stanford.edu/events/parliamentary_elections_and_authoritarian_rule_in_bahrain Parliamentary Elections and Authoritarian Rule in Bahrain] (January 13, 2011), Stanford University</ref>
* {{Valko-Venäjä}} under [[Alexander Lukashenko]] (1994–)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/07/belarus-inside-europes-last-dictatorship|accessdate=7 August 2014 |title=Belarus: inside Europe’s last dictatorship |location=London |work=The Guardian|first=Sigrid|last=Rausing|date=7 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="reuters1">{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/04/us-belarus-dicator-idUSTRE8230T320120304 | agency=[[Reuters]] |title=Belarus’s Lukashenko: "Better a dictator than gay" |quote=...German Foreign Minister's branding him 'Europe's last dictator'|location=Berlin |date=4 March 2012}}</ref> on account of Lukashenko's self-described [[authoritarian]] style of government<ref>{{cite news|title=Profile: Alexander Lukashenko|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3882843.stm|accessdate=7 August 2014|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|date=9 January 2007|quote='..an authoritarian ruling style is characteristic of me [Lukashenko]'}}</ref><ref name="HRW">{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/01/13/belaru9878.htm |title=Essential Background&nbsp;– Belarus |accessdate=26 March 2006 |year=2005 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/europe-and-central-asia/eurasia/belarus |title=Human rights by country&nbsp;– Belarus |accessdate=22 December 2007 |year=2007 |website=Amnesty International Report 2007 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212011715/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/europe-and-central-asia/eurasia/belarus |archivedate=12 December 2007 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref>
* {{Valko-Venäjä}} [[Alexander Lukashenko]] (1994–)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/07/belarus-inside-europes-last-dictatorship|accessdate=7 August 2014 |title=Belarus: inside Europe’s last dictatorship |location=London |work=The Guardian|first=Sigrid|last=Rausing|date=7 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="reuters1">{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/04/us-belarus-dicator-idUSTRE8230T320120304 | agency=[[Reuters]] |title=Belarus’s Lukashenko: "Better a dictator than gay" |quote=...German Foreign Minister's branding him 'Europe's last dictator'|location=Berlin |date=4 March 2012}}</ref> on account of Lukashenko's self-described [[authoritarian]] style of government<ref>{{cite news|title=Profile: Alexander Lukashenko|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3882843.stm|accessdate=7 August 2014|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|date=9 January 2007|quote='..an authoritarian ruling style is characteristic of me [Lukashenko]'}}</ref><ref name="HRW">{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/01/13/belaru9878.htm |title=Essential Background&nbsp;– Belarus |accessdate=26 March 2006 |year=2005 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/europe-and-central-asia/eurasia/belarus |title=Human rights by country&nbsp;– Belarus |accessdate=22 December 2007 |year=2007 |website=Amnesty International Report 2007 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212011715/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/europe-and-central-asia/eurasia/belarus |archivedate=12 December 2007 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref>
* {{Bosnia ja Hertsegovina}} / {{Republika Srpska}} under [[Milorad Dodik]] (2006–)<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bieber|first1=Florian|title=Patterns of competitive authoritarianism in the Western Balkans|journal=East European Politics|date=July 2018|volume=38|issue=3|pages=337-54|doi=10.1080/21599165.2018.1490272}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/16/world/europe/dodik-republika-srpska-bosnia.html|title=Milorad Dodik Wants to Carve Up Bosnia. Peacefully, if Possible|date=16 February 2018|publisher=The New York Times
* {{Bosnia ja Hertsegovina}} / {{Republika Srpska}} [[Milorad Dodik]] (2006–)<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bieber|first1=Florian|title=Patterns of competitive authoritarianism in the Western Balkans|journal=East European Politics|date=July 2018|volume=38|issue=3|pages=337-54|doi=10.1080/21599165.2018.1490272}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/16/world/europe/dodik-republika-srpska-bosnia.html|title=Milorad Dodik Wants to Carve Up Bosnia. Peacefully, if Possible|date=16 February 2018|publisher=The New York Times
|accessdate=5 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apnews.com/2e8576b75226465fa1dc4180cdda6644|title=Correction: Bosnia-Journalist Beaten story|date=28 September 2018|publisher=Associated Press|accessdate=5 January 2019}}</ref>
|accessdate=5 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apnews.com/2e8576b75226465fa1dc4180cdda6644|title=Correction: Bosnia-Journalist Beaten story|date=28 September 2018|publisher=Associated Press|accessdate=5 January 2019}}</ref>
* {{Burundi}} under [[Pierre Nkurunziza]] (2005–)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/burundi|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Burundi Report}}</ref>
* {{Burundi}} [[Pierre Nkurunziza]] (2005–)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/burundi|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Burundi Report}}</ref>
* {{Kambodža}} under the [[Khmer Rouge]] and [[Hun Sen]] (1985–)<ref>{{cite news |author=Elisabeth Bumiller |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/17/world/asia/in-cambodia-panetta-reaffirms-ties-with-authoritarian-government.html |title=In Cambodia, Panetta Reaffirms Ties With Authoritarian Government |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 16, 2012 }}</ref>
* {{Kambodža}} the [[Khmer Rouge]] and [[Hun Sen]] (1985–)<ref>{{cite news |author=Elisabeth Bumiller |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/17/world/asia/in-cambodia-panetta-reaffirms-ties-with-authoritarian-government.html |title=In Cambodia, Panetta Reaffirms Ties With Authoritarian Government |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 16, 2012 }}</ref>
* {{Kamerun}} under [[Paul Biya]] (1982–)<ref name="Freedom House" /><ref name="Amnesty International">{{cite web|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|title=Amnesty International Report 2009: State of the World's Human Rights|year=2009|url=http://report2009.amnesty.org/en/regions/africa/cameroon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008000900/http://report2009.amnesty.org/en/regions/africa/cameroon|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2011-10-08}}</ref>
* {{Kamerun}} [[Paul Biya]] (1982–)<ref name="Freedom House" /><ref name="Amnesty International">{{cite web|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|title=Amnesty International Report 2009: State of the World's Human Rights|year=2009|url=http://report2009.amnesty.org/en/regions/africa/cameroon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008000900/http://report2009.amnesty.org/en/regions/africa/cameroon|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2011-10-08}}</ref>
* {{Tšad}} under [[Idriss Deby]] (1990–)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/chad|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Chad Report}}</ref>
* {{Tšad}} [[Idriss Deby]] (1990–)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/chad|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Chad Report}}</ref>
* {{Kiina}} under the [[Communist Party of China]] (1949–) “Some scholars have deemed the Chinese system a 'fragmented authoritarianism' ([[Kenneth Lieberthal|Lieberthal]]), a 'negotiated state' or a 'consultative authoritarian regime'"<ref>Ming Xia, [https://www.nytimes.com/ref/college/coll-china-politics.html China Rises Companion: Political Governance], ''The New York Times''. See also Cheng Li, [http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2012/09/shifting-power-china-lic The End of the CCP’s Resilient Authoritarianism? A Tripartite Assessment of Shifting Power in China] (September 2012), ''The China Quarterly'', Vol. 211; Perry Link and Joshua Kurlantzick, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124319304482150525 China's Modern Authoritarianism] (May 25, 2009), ''The Wall Street Journal''; Ariana Eunjung Cha, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/26/AR2009062604343.html China, Cuba, Other Authoritarian Regimes Censor News From Iran] (June 27, 2009), ''The Washington Post''.</ref> According to research by John Kennedy at al. (2018), Chinese citizens with higher education tend to participate less in local elections and have lower levels of democratic values when compared to those with only compulsory education.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kennedy |first1=John |last2=Nagao |first2=Haruka |last3=Liu |first3=Hongyan |title=Voting and Values: Grassroots Elections in Rural and Urban China |journal=Politics and Governance |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=90 |doi=10.17645/pag.v6i2.1331 |url=https://www.cogitatiopress.com/politicsandgovernance/article/view/1331|year=2018 }}</ref>
* {{Kiina}} the [[Communist Party of China]] (1949–) “Some scholars have deemed the Chinese system a 'fragmented authoritarianism' ([[Kenneth Lieberthal|Lieberthal]]), a 'negotiated state' or a 'consultative authoritarian regime'"<ref>Ming Xia, [https://www.nytimes.com/ref/college/coll-china-politics.html China Rises Companion: Political Governance], ''The New York Times''. See also Cheng Li, [http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2012/09/shifting-power-china-lic The End of the CCP’s Resilient Authoritarianism? A Tripartite Assessment of Shifting Power in China] (September 2012), ''The China Quarterly'', Vol. 211; Perry Link and Joshua Kurlantzick, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124319304482150525 China's Modern Authoritarianism] (May 25, 2009), ''The Wall Street Journal''; Ariana Eunjung Cha, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/26/AR2009062604343.html China, Cuba, Other Authoritarian Regimes Censor News From Iran] (June 27, 2009), ''The Washington Post''.</ref> According to research by John Kennedy at al. (2018), Chinese citizens with higher education tend to participate less in local elections and have lower levels of democratic values when compared to those with only compulsory education.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kennedy |first1=John |last2=Nagao |first2=Haruka |last3=Liu |first3=Hongyan |title=Voting and Values: Grassroots Elections in Rural and Urban China |journal=Politics and Governance |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=90 |doi=10.17645/pag.v6i2.1331 |url=https://www.cogitatiopress.com/politicsandgovernance/article/view/1331|year=2018 }}</ref>
* {{Kongon demokraattinen tasavalta}} under [[Mobutu Sese Seko]], [[Laurent-Désiré Kabila|Laurent-Désiré]] and [[Joseph Kabila]] (1965–)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/congo-democratic-republic-kinshasa|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Democratic Republic of Congo Report}}</ref>
* {{Kongon demokraattinen tasavalta}} [[Mobutu Sese Seko]], [[Laurent-Désiré Kabila|Laurent-Désiré]] and [[Joseph Kabila]] (1965–)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/congo-democratic-republic-kinshasa|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Democratic Republic of Congo Report}}</ref>
* {{Kongon tasavalta}} under [[Denis Sassou Nguesso]] (1997–)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/congo-republic-brazzaville|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Republic of Congo Report}}</ref>
* {{Kongon tasavalta}} [[Denis Sassou Nguesso]] (1997–)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/congo-republic-brazzaville|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Republic of Congo Report}}</ref>
* {{Kuuba}} under the [[Communist Party of Cuba]] (1959–)<ref>Ariana Eunjung Cha, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/26/AR2009062604343.html China, Cuba, Other Authoritarian Regimes Censor News From Iran] (June 27, 2009), ''The Washington Post''; Shanthi Kalathil and Taylor Boas, [http://carnegieendowment.org/2001/07/16/internet-and-state-control-in-authoritarian-regimes-china-cuba-and-counterrevolution/1ic4 Internet and State Control in Authoritarian Regimes: China, Cuba and the Counterrevolution] (July 16, 2001), Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.</ref>
* {{Kuuba}} the [[Communist Party of Cuba]] (1959–)<ref>Ariana Eunjung Cha, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/26/AR2009062604343.html China, Cuba, Other Authoritarian Regimes Censor News From Iran] (June 27, 2009), ''The Washington Post''; Shanthi Kalathil and Taylor Boas, [http://carnegieendowment.org/2001/07/16/internet-and-state-control-in-authoritarian-regimes-china-cuba-and-counterrevolution/1ic4 Internet and State Control in Authoritarian Regimes: China, Cuba and the Counterrevolution] (July 16, 2001), Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.</ref>
* {{Egypti}} under [[Hosni Mubarak]] (1981–2011) and [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] (2014–)<ref>Amr Adly, [http://carnegie-mec.org/publications/?fa=55804 The Economics of Egypt’s Rising Authoritarian Order], [[Carnegie Middle East Center]], June 18, 2014; Nathan J. Brown & Katie Bentivoglio, [http://carnegieendowment.org/2014/10/09/egypt-s-resurgent-authoritarianism-it-s-way-of-life Egypt's Resurgent Authoritarianism: It's a Way of Life], [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]], October 9, 2014; [[Roula Khalaf]], [https://www.ft.com/content/8127ef6e-c38e-11e6-9bca-2b93a6856354 Sisi’s Egypt: The march of the security state], ''Financial Times'' (December 19, 2016); [[Peter Hessler]], [http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/01/02/egypts-failed-revolution Egypt's Failed Revolution], ''New Yorker'', January 2, 2017.</ref>
* {{Egypti}} [[Hosni Mubarak]] (1981–2011) and [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] (2014–)<ref>Amr Adly, [http://carnegie-mec.org/publications/?fa=55804 The Economics of Egypt’s Rising Authoritarian Order], [[Carnegie Middle East Center]], June 18, 2014; Nathan J. Brown & Katie Bentivoglio, [http://carnegieendowment.org/2014/10/09/egypt-s-resurgent-authoritarianism-it-s-way-of-life Egypt's Resurgent Authoritarianism: It's a Way of Life], [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]], October 9, 2014; [[Roula Khalaf]], [https://www.ft.com/content/8127ef6e-c38e-11e6-9bca-2b93a6856354 Sisi’s Egypt: The march of the security state], ''Financial Times'' (December 19, 2016); [[Peter Hessler]], [http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/01/02/egypts-failed-revolution Egypt's Failed Revolution], ''New Yorker'', January 2, 2017.</ref>
* {{Päiväntasaajan Guinea}} under [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]] (1979–)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/equatorial-guinea|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Equatorial Guinea Report}}</ref>
* {{Päiväntasaajan Guinea}} [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]] (1979–)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/equatorial-guinea|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Equatorial Guinea Report}}</ref>
* {{Eritrea}} under [[Isaias Afwerki]] (1993–)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/eritrea|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Eritea Report}}</ref>
* {{Eritrea}} [[Isaias Afwerki]] (1993–)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/eritrea|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Eritea Report}}</ref>
* {{Etiopia}} under [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front]] (1991–)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/ethiopia|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Ethiopia Report}}</ref>
* {{Etiopia}} [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front]] (1991–)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/ethiopia|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Ethiopia Report}}</ref>
* {{Gabon}} under [[Omar Bongo]] and [[Ali Bongo Ondimba]] (1967–)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/gabon|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Gabon Report}}</ref>
* {{Gabon}} [[Omar Bongo]] and [[Ali Bongo Ondimba]] (1967–)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/gabon|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Gabon Report}}</ref>
* {{Unkari}} under [[Viktor Orbán]] (2010–) has recently moved more towards [[illiberalism]]<ref>https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/02/05/hungary-and-poland-arent-democratic-theyre-authoritarian/</ref><ref>https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/04/the-re-election-of-hungarys-authoritarian-prime-minister-disproves-everything-we-thought-we-knew-about-democracy.html</ref><ref name=AtlanticHungaryAntisemitic>[https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/12/viktor-orban-and-anti-semitic-figyelo-cover/578158/ Viktor Orbán Is Exploiting Anti-Semitism]. [[Ira Forman]], ''[[The Atlantic]]'', 14 December 2018</ref>
* {{Unkari}} [[Viktor Orbán]] (2010–) has recently moved more towards [[illiberalism]]<ref>https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/02/05/hungary-and-poland-arent-democratic-theyre-authoritarian/</ref><ref>https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/04/the-re-election-of-hungarys-authoritarian-prime-minister-disproves-everything-we-thought-we-knew-about-democracy.html</ref><ref name=AtlanticHungaryAntisemitic>[https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/12/viktor-orban-and-anti-semitic-figyelo-cover/578158/ Viktor Orbán Is Exploiting Anti-Semitism]. [[Ira Forman]], ''[[The Atlantic]]'', 14 December 2018</ref>
* {{Iran}} under [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] and [[Ali Khamenei]] (1981–)<ref>Mehrdad Kia, [https://books.google.com/books? id=BaE3AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA75#v=onepage&q&f=false The Making of Modern Authoritarianism in Contemporary Iran], in ''Modern Middle East Authoritarianism: Roots, Ramifications, and Crisis'' (Routledge: 2013; eds. Noureddine Jebnoun, Mehrdad Kia & Mimi Kirk), pp. 75–76.</ref> Linz wrote in 2000 that "it is difficult to fit the Iranian regime into the existing typology, as it combines the ideological bent of totalitarianism with the limited pluralism of authoritarianism and holds regular elections in which candidates advocating differing policies and incumbents are often defeated"<ref>Juan José Linz, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=8cYk_ABfMJIC&pg=PA36 Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes]'' (Lynne Rienner, 2000), p. 36.</ref>
* {{Iran}} [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] and [[Ali Khamenei]] (1981–)<ref>Mehrdad Kia, [https://books.google.com/books? id=BaE3AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA75#v=onepage&q&f=false The Making of Modern Authoritarianism in Contemporary Iran], in ''Modern Middle East Authoritarianism: Roots, Ramifications, and Crisis'' (Routledge: 2013; eds. Noureddine Jebnoun, Mehrdad Kia & Mimi Kirk), pp. 75–76.</ref> Linz wrote in 2000 that "it is difficult to fit the Iranian regime into the existing typology, as it combines the ideological bent of totalitarianism with the limited pluralism of authoritarianism and holds regular elections in which candidates advocating differing policies and incumbents are often defeated"<ref>Juan José Linz, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=8cYk_ABfMJIC&pg=PA36 Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes]'' (Lynne Rienner, 2000), p. 36.</ref>
* {{Jordania}} under [[Abdullah II of Jordan|Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein]]<ref name="wasp">{{cite news|last1=Yom|first1=Sean|title=Why Jordan and Morocco are doubling down on royal rule|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/05/16/why-jordan-and-morocco-are-doubling-down-on-royal-rule/|work=Washington Post|date=16 May 2017}}</ref>
* {{Jordania}} [[Abdullah II of Jordan|Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein]]<ref name="wasp">{{cite news|last1=Yom|first1=Sean|title=Why Jordan and Morocco are doubling down on royal rule|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/05/16/why-jordan-and-morocco-are-doubling-down-on-royal-rule/|work=Washington Post|date=16 May 2017}}</ref>
* {{Kazakstan}} under [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]]<ref name="Freedom House" />
* {{Kazakstan}} [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]]<ref name="Freedom House" />
* {{Laos}} under the [[Lao People's Revolutionary Party]] (1975–)<ref name=":0">Beckert, Jen. "Communitarianism." International Encyclopedia of Economic Sociology. London: Routledge, 2006. 81.</ref>
* {{Laos}} the [[Lao People's Revolutionary Party]] (1975–)<ref name=":0">Beckert, Jen. "Communitarianism." International Encyclopedia of Economic Sociology. London: Routledge, 2006. 81.</ref>
* {{Marokko}} under [[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Mohammed VI]]<ref name="wasp"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Governance of Morocco |url=https://fanack.com/morocco/governance/ |work=Fanack.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Morocco: The Promise of Democracy and the Reality of Authoritarianism |url=http://www.iai.it/en/pubblicazioni/morocco-promise-democracy-and-reality-authoritarianism |work=IAI Istituto Affari Internazionali |date=27 April 2016 |language=it}}</ref>
* {{Marokko}} [[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Mohammed VI]]<ref name="wasp"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Governance of Morocco |url=https://fanack.com/morocco/governance/ |work=Fanack.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Morocco: The Promise of Democracy and the Reality of Authoritarianism |url=http://www.iai.it/en/pubblicazioni/morocco-promise-democracy-and-reality-authoritarianism |work=IAI Istituto Affari Internazionali |date=27 April 2016 |language=it}}</ref>
* {{Montenegro}} under [[Milo Đukanović]] and [[Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro|DPS]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/27/world/europe/montenegro-milo-djukanovic-resigns.html|title=Montenegro’s Prime Minister Resigns, Perhaps Bolstering Country’s E.U. Hopes |date=26 October 2016|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/djukanovic-looks-to-extend-dominance-in-montenegro-s-presidential-vote/29167866.html|title=Montenegro's Djukanovic Declares Victory In Presidential Election |date=16 April 2018|publisher=Radio Free Europe|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eastwest.eu/it/opinioni/european-crossroads/elezioni-presidenziali-montenegro-vittoria-djukanovic|title=Djukanovic si riprende il Montenegro con la benedizione di Bruxelles |date=17 April 2018|publisher=eastwest.eu|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/bs/%C4%91ukanovi%C4%87-posljednji-autokrat-balkana/a-16888850|title=Đukanović - posljednji autokrat Balkana |date=18 June 2013|publisher=Deutsche Welle|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20180319-montenegro-veteran-pm-djukanovic-run-presidency|title=Montenegro veteran PM Djukanovic to run for presidency |date=19 March 2018|publisher=France 24|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref>
* {{Montenegro}} [[Milo Đukanović]] and [[Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro|DPS]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/27/world/europe/montenegro-milo-djukanovic-resigns.html|title=Montenegro’s Prime Minister Resigns, Perhaps Bolstering Country’s E.U. Hopes |date=26 October 2016|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/djukanovic-looks-to-extend-dominance-in-montenegro-s-presidential-vote/29167866.html|title=Montenegro's Djukanovic Declares Victory In Presidential Election |date=16 April 2018|publisher=Radio Free Europe|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eastwest.eu/it/opinioni/european-crossroads/elezioni-presidenziali-montenegro-vittoria-djukanovic|title=Djukanovic si riprende il Montenegro con la benedizione di Bruxelles |date=17 April 2018|publisher=eastwest.eu|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/bs/%C4%91ukanovi%C4%87-posljednji-autokrat-balkana/a-16888850|title=Đukanović - posljednji autokrat Balkana |date=18 June 2013|publisher=Deutsche Welle|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20180319-montenegro-veteran-pm-djukanovic-run-presidency|title=Montenegro veteran PM Djukanovic to run for presidency |date=19 March 2018|publisher=France 24|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref>
* {{Pohjois-Korea}} under the rule of the [[Kim dynasty (North Korea)|Kim dynasty]] and the [[Korean Workers' Party]] (1947–)<ref>Daniel Byman, [http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/20208/pyongyangs_survival_strategy.html Pyongyang’s Survival Strategy: Tools of Authoritarian Control in North Korea], ''International Security'', Vol. 35, issue 1, pp. 44–74 (Summer 2010); Chico Harlan, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-authoritarian-north-korea-hints-of-reform/2012/09/03/bb5d95ce-f275-11e1-adc6-87dfa8eff430_story.html In authoritarian North Korea, hints of reform], ''The Washington Post'', September 3, 2012.</ref>
* {{Pohjois-Korea}} the rule of the [[Kim dynasty (North Korea)|Kim dynasty]] and the [[Korean Workers' Party]] (1947–)<ref>Daniel Byman, [http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/20208/pyongyangs_survival_strategy.html Pyongyang’s Survival Strategy: Tools of Authoritarian Control in North Korea], ''International Security'', Vol. 35, issue 1, pp. 44–74 (Summer 2010); Chico Harlan, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-authoritarian-north-korea-hints-of-reform/2012/09/03/bb5d95ce-f275-11e1-adc6-87dfa8eff430_story.html In authoritarian North Korea, hints of reform], ''The Washington Post'', September 3, 2012.</ref>
* {{Oman}} under [[Qaboos bin Said al Said|Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said]]<ref>https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/oman</ref>
* {{Oman}} [[Qaboos bin Said al Said|Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said]]<ref>https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/oman</ref>
* {{Qatar}} under the [[House of Thani]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/blog/dictators-continue-score-international-sporting-events|title=Dictators Continue to Score in International Sporting Events|last=|first=|date=|work=Freedom House|access-date=}}</ref>
* {{Qatar}} the [[House of Thani]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/blog/dictators-continue-score-international-sporting-events|title=Dictators Continue to Score in International Sporting Events|last=|first=|date=|work=Freedom House|access-date=}}</ref>
* {{Venäjä}} under [[Vladimir Putin]] and [[Dmitry Medvedev]] (1999–) (see [[Putinism]] for more) has tendencies towards of authoritarianism, described by some as "really a mixture of authoritarianism and [[managed democracy]]"<ref>Nikolay Petrov and Michael McFaul, [http://carnegieendowment.org/2005/10/18/essence-of-putin-s-managed-democracy/1ul9 The Essence of Putin's Managed Democracy] (October 18, 2005), [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]; Tom Parfitt, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/11/russia-era-managed-democracy-mikhail-prokhorov Billionaire tycoon Mikhail Prokhorov who is running in the 4 March election says it is time for evolution not revolution] (January 11, 2012), ''The Guardian''; Richard Denton, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/this_world/4756959.stm Russia's 'managed democracy'] (May 11, 2006), BBC News.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nations in Transit 2014 – Russia|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/nations-transit/2014/russia#.VDEX4Gc7uSq|website=Freedom House}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Myth of the Authoritarian Model – How Putin's Crackdown Holds Russia Back|url=http://fsi.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/Myth_of_the_Authoritarian_Model.pdf|website=The Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford|access-date=2014-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101539/http://fsi.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/Myth_of_the_Authoritarian_Model.pdf|archive-date=2014-10-06|dead-url=yes|df=}}</ref>
* {{Venäjä}} [[Vladimir Putin]] and [[Dmitry Medvedev]] (1999–) (see [[Putinism]] for more) has tendencies towards of authoritarianism, described by some as "really a mixture of authoritarianism and [[managed democracy]]"<ref>Nikolay Petrov and Michael McFaul, [http://carnegieendowment.org/2005/10/18/essence-of-putin-s-managed-democracy/1ul9 The Essence of Putin's Managed Democracy] (October 18, 2005), [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]; Tom Parfitt, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/11/russia-era-managed-democracy-mikhail-prokhorov Billionaire tycoon Mikhail Prokhorov who is running in the 4 March election says it is time for evolution not revolution] (January 11, 2012), ''The Guardian''; Richard Denton, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/this_world/4756959.stm Russia's 'managed democracy'] (May 11, 2006), BBC News.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nations in Transit 2014 – Russia|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/nations-transit/2014/russia#.VDEX4Gc7uSq|website=Freedom House}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Myth of the Authoritarian Model – How Putin's Crackdown Holds Russia Back|url=http://fsi.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/Myth_of_the_Authoritarian_Model.pdf|website=The Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford|access-date=2014-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101539/http://fsi.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/Myth_of_the_Authoritarian_Model.pdf|archive-date=2014-10-06|dead-url=yes|df=}}</ref>
* {{Ruanda}} under [[Paul Kagame]] (2000–)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/rwanda|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Rwanda Report}}</ref>
* {{Ruanda}} [[Paul Kagame]] (2000–)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/rwanda|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Rwanda Report}}</ref>
* {{Serbia}} under [[Aleksandar Vučić]] (2012–)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36122928|title=Serbia election: Pro-EU Prime Minister Vucic claims victory |date=24 April 2016|publisher=BBC|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/09/opinion/a-serbian-election-erodes-democracy.html?referer=|title=A Serbian Election Erodes Democracy |date=9 April 2017|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/thousands-march-against-serbian-presidents-autocratic-rule/2018/12/08/a7b93022-fb1b-11e8-8642-c9718a256cbd_story.html?utm_term=.dfe27b9e470f|title=Thousands march against Serbian president’s autocratic rule |date=8 December 2018|publisher=The Washington Post|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/03/09/how-aleksandar-vucic-became-europes-favorite-autocrat/|title=How Aleksandar Vucic Became Europe’s Favorite Autocrat |first=Aleks|last=Eror |date=9 Marck 2018|publisher=Foreign Policy|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref>
* {{Serbia}} [[Aleksandar Vučić]] (2012–)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36122928|title=Serbia election: Pro-EU Prime Minister Vucic claims victory |date=24 April 2016|publisher=BBC|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/09/opinion/a-serbian-election-erodes-democracy.html?referer=|title=A Serbian Election Erodes Democracy |date=9 April 2017|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/thousands-march-against-serbian-presidents-autocratic-rule/2018/12/08/a7b93022-fb1b-11e8-8642-c9718a256cbd_story.html?utm_term=.dfe27b9e470f|title=Thousands march against Serbian president’s autocratic rule |date=8 December 2018|publisher=The Washington Post|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/03/09/how-aleksandar-vucic-became-europes-favorite-autocrat/|title=How Aleksandar Vucic Became Europe’s Favorite Autocrat |first=Aleks|last=Eror |date=9 Marck 2018|publisher=Foreign Policy|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref>
* {{Singapore}} is considered authoritarian, especially under the [[Lee Kuan Yew]] until 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lee Kuan Yew leaves a legacy of authoritarian pragmatism|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/23/lee-kuan-yews-legacy-of-authoritarian-pragmatism-will-serve-singapore-well|accessdate=5 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=January 5, 2017 Fear, smear and the paradox of authoritarian politics in Singapore|url=http://www.theindependent.sg/fear-smear-and-the-paradox-of-authoritarian-politics-in-singapore/|accessdate=5 May 2017}}</ref>
* {{Singapore}} is considered authoritarian, especially the [[Lee Kuan Yew]] until 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lee Kuan Yew leaves a legacy of authoritarian pragmatism|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/23/lee-kuan-yews-legacy-of-authoritarian-pragmatism-will-serve-singapore-well|accessdate=5 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=January 5, 2017 Fear, smear and the paradox of authoritarian politics in Singapore|url=http://www.theindependent.sg/fear-smear-and-the-paradox-of-authoritarian-politics-in-singapore/|accessdate=5 May 2017}}</ref>
* {{Saudi-Arabia}} under the [[House of Saud]] (1744–)<ref>Toby Craig Jones, ''Desert Kingdom: How Oil and Water Forged Modern Saudi Arabia'' (2011), Harvard University Press, pp. 5, 14–15; Kira D. Baiasu, [http://groups.northwestern.edu/njia/?p=85 Sustaining Authoritarian Rule] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102104633/http://groups.northwestern.edu/njia/?p=85 |date=January 2, 2013 }} Fall 2009, Volume 10, Issue 1 (September 30, 2009), ''Northwestern Journal of International Affairs''.</ref>
* {{Saudi-Arabia}} the [[House of Saud]] (1744–)<ref>Toby Craig Jones, ''Desert Kingdom: How Oil and Water Forged Modern Saudi Arabia'' (2011), Harvard University Press, pp. 5, 14–15; Kira D. Baiasu, [http://groups.northwestern.edu/njia/?p=85 Sustaining Authoritarian Rule] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102104633/http://groups.northwestern.edu/njia/?p=85 |date=January 2, 2013 }} Fall 2009, Volume 10, Issue 1 (September 30, 2009), ''Northwestern Journal of International Affairs''.</ref>
* {{Etelä-Sudan}} under [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]] (2011–)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/south-sudan|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World South Sudan Report}}</ref>
* {{Etelä-Sudan}} [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]] (2011–)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/south-sudan|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World South Sudan Report}}</ref>
* {{Sudan}} under [[Omar al-Bashir]] (1989–)<ref name="Freedom House">{{cite book|author=Freedom House|title=Freedom in the World 2016: Anxious Dictators, Wavering Democracies: Global Freedom Under Pressure|year=2016|url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FITW_Report_2016.pdf}}</ref>
* {{Sudan}} [[Omar al-Bashir]] (1989–)<ref name="Freedom House">{{cite book|author=Freedom House|title=Freedom in the World 2016: Anxious Dictators, Wavering Democracies: Global Freedom Under Pressure|year=2016|url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FITW_Report_2016.pdf}}</ref>
* {{Syyria}} under [[Hafez Al-Assad|Hafez]] and [[Bashar al-Assad]] (1970–)<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Heydemann|first1=Steven |last2=Leenders|first2=Reinoud |title=Middle East Authoritarianisms: Governance, Contestation, and Regime Resilience in Syria and Iran |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-0804793339 |page=13}}</ref>
* {{Syyria}} [[Hafez Al-Assad|Hafez]] and [[Bashar al-Assad]] (1970–)<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Heydemann|first1=Steven |last2=Leenders|first2=Reinoud |title=Middle East Authoritarianisms: Governance, Contestation, and Regime Resilience in Syria and Iran |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-0804793339 |page=13}}</ref>
* {{Tadžikistan}} under [[Emomali Rahmon]] (1994–)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/tajikistan|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Tajikistan Report}}</ref>
* {{Tadžikistan}} [[Emomali Rahmon]] (1994–)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/tajikistan|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Tajikistan Report}}</ref>
* {{Thaimaa}} under General [[Prayut Chan-o-cha]] who overthrew the democratically elected government of [[Yingluck Shinawatra]] in a military coup and installed a [[military junta]] to oversee the governance of Thailand (2014–)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cultural Rights as Collective Rights: An International Law Perspective|last=Jakubowski|first=Andrzej|publisher=Brill – Nijhoff|year=2016|isbn=978-9004312012|location=|page=196|quote=|via=}}</ref>
* {{Thaimaa}} General [[Prayut Chan-o-cha]] who overthrew the democratically elected government of [[Yingluck Shinawatra]] in a military coup and installed a [[military junta]] to oversee the governance of Thailand (2014–)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cultural Rights as Collective Rights: An International Law Perspective|last=Jakubowski|first=Andrzej|publisher=Brill – Nijhoff|year=2016|isbn=978-9004312012|location=|page=196|quote=|via=}}</ref>
* {{Turkki}} under [[Recep Tayyip Erdogan]] (2003–) described as a “competitive authoritarian regime”<ref>Berk Esena & Sebnem Gumuscub, [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436597.2015.1135732?journalCode=ctwq20 Rising competitive authoritarianism in Turkey], ''[[Third World Quarterly]]'' (February 19, 2016). {{doi|10.1080/01436597.2015.1135732}}; Ramazan Kılınç, [https://www.opendemocracy.net/ramazan-k-l-n/turkey-from-conservative-democracy-to-popular-authoritarianism Turkey: from conservative democracy to popular authoritarianism], [[openDemocracy]] (December 5, 2015).</ref>
* {{Turkki}} [[Recep Tayyip Erdogan]] (2003–) described as a “competitive authoritarian regime”<ref>Berk Esena & Sebnem Gumuscub, [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436597.2015.1135732?journalCode=ctwq20 Rising competitive authoritarianism in Turkey], ''[[Third World Quarterly]]'' (February 19, 2016). {{doi|10.1080/01436597.2015.1135732}}; Ramazan Kılınç, [https://www.opendemocracy.net/ramazan-k-l-n/turkey-from-conservative-democracy-to-popular-authoritarianism Turkey: from conservative democracy to popular authoritarianism], [[openDemocracy]] (December 5, 2015).</ref>
* {{Turkmenistan}} under [[Saparmurat Niyazov]] (1991–2006) and [[Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow]] (2006–)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/europe/central-asia/turkmenistan|title=Turkmenistan|website=hrw.org|accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref>
* {{Turkmenistan}} [[Saparmurat Niyazov]] (1991–2006) and [[Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow]] (2006–)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/europe/central-asia/turkmenistan|title=Turkmenistan|website=hrw.org|accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref>
* {{UAE}} under [[Royal families of the United Arab Emirates|the six royal families of the United Arab Emirates]] (10 February 1972–)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newint.org/blog/2015/09/07/uae-human-rights|title=The dark side of the United Arab Emirates|date=7 September 2015|website=newint.org|accessdate=22 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14703998|title=United Arab Emirates profile|date=29 August 2017|publisher=|accessdate=22 October 2017|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref>
* {{UAE}} [[Royal families of the United Arab Emirates|the six royal families of the United Arab Emirates]] (10 February 1972–)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newint.org/blog/2015/09/07/uae-human-rights|title=The dark side of the United Arab Emirates|date=7 September 2015|website=newint.org|accessdate=22 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14703998|title=United Arab Emirates profile|date=29 August 2017|publisher=|accessdate=22 October 2017|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref>
* {{Uganda}} since independence (1964–)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/uganda|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Uganda Report}}</ref>
* {{Uganda}} since independence (1964–)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/uganda|accessdate=19 April 2018|title=Freedom in the World Uganda Report}}</ref>
* {{Uzbekistan}} under Islam Karimov (1989–2016)<ref>Neil J. Melvin, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BmF4AgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Uzbekistan: Transition to Authoritarianism on the Silk Road]'' (Harwood Academic, 2000), pp. 28–30.</ref><ref>[[Shahram Akbarzadeh]], "Post-Soviet Central Asia: The Limits of Islam" in ''Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries: Between Upheaval and Continuity'' (Oxford University Press, 2012: eds. Rainer Grote & Tilmann J. Röder), p. 428.</ref> and [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]] (2016-)<ref>https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21732574-new-president-less-brutal-his-predecessor-no-democrat-uzbek-spring-has-sprung</ref>
* {{Uzbekistan}} Islam Karimov (1989–2016)<ref>Neil J. Melvin, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BmF4AgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Uzbekistan: Transition to Authoritarianism on the Silk Road]'' (Harwood Academic, 2000), pp. 28–30.</ref><ref>[[Shahram Akbarzadeh]], "Post-Soviet Central Asia: The Limits of Islam" in ''Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries: Between Upheaval and Continuity'' (Oxford University Press, 2012: eds. Rainer Grote & Tilmann J. Röder), p. 428.</ref> and [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]] (2016-)<ref>https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21732574-new-president-less-brutal-his-predecessor-no-democrat-uzbek-spring-has-sprung</ref>
* {{Venezuela}} under [[Hugo Chávez]] and [[Nicolás Maduro]] (1999–)<ref>Human Rights Watch, [https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/03/05/venezuela-chavez-s-authoritarian-legacy Venezuela: Chávez’s Authoritarian Legacy: Dramatic Concentration of Power and Open Disregard for Basic Human Rights], March 5, 2013; Kurt Weyland, [http://www.journalofdemocracy.org/sites/default/files/Weyland-24-3.pdf Latin America's Authoritarian Drift: The Threat from the Populist Left], ''Journal of Democracy'', Vol. 24, No. 3 (July 2013), pp. 18–32.</ref>
* {{Venezuela}} [[Hugo Chávez]] and [[Nicolás Maduro]] (1999–)<ref>Human Rights Watch, [https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/03/05/venezuela-chavez-s-authoritarian-legacy Venezuela: Chávez’s Authoritarian Legacy: Dramatic Concentration of Power and Open Disregard for Basic Human Rights], March 5, 2013; Kurt Weyland, [http://www.journalofdemocracy.org/sites/default/files/Weyland-24-3.pdf Latin America's Authoritarian Drift: The Threat from the Populist Left], ''Journal of Democracy'', Vol. 24, No. 3 (July 2013), pp. 18–32.</ref>
* {{Vietnam}} under the [[Vietnamese Communist Party]] (1976–)<ref>Thomas Fuller, [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/24/world/asia/vietnam-clings-to-one-party-rule-as-dissent-rises-sharply.html?pagewanted=all In Hard Times, Open Dissent and Repression Rise in Vietnam] (April 23, 2013), ''The New York Times''</ref>
* {{Vietnam}} the [[Vietnamese Communist Party]] (1976–)<ref>Thomas Fuller, [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/24/world/asia/vietnam-clings-to-one-party-rule-as-dissent-rises-sharply.html?pagewanted=all In Hard Times, Open Dissent and Repression Rise in Vietnam] (April 23, 2013), ''The New York Times''</ref>


==Historiallisia esimerkkejä==
==Historiallisia esimerkkejä==

Versio 14. maaliskuuta 2019 kello 11.02

Hakusana ”autoritaarinen” ohjaa tänne. Se voi viitata myös autoritaariseen persoonallisuuteen.
  Autoritaariset valtiot
  Rajoitetusti demokraattiset valtiot
  Demokraattiset valtiot
Lähteet: Freedom House, Bertelsmann-säätiö, IDEA
Osa artikkelisarjaa
Valtiomuodot
Vallan lähde
Vallan ideologia
Vallan rakenne

Autoritarismi tarkoittaa enemmän tai vähemmän itsevaltaista hallintotapaa erotuksena demokraattisesta hallintomuodosta.[1] Sillä tarkoitetaan vahvaa, keskitettyä vallankäyttöä ja poliittisen vapauden rajoittamista. Yksilönvapaus alistetaan valtiovallalle, jolla ei ole perustuslaillista valvontaa.[2]

Autoritaariset valtiot voi jakaa esimerkiksi sen mukaan, ovatko ne personalistisia vai populistisia.[3] Personalistisia hallitaan kannattajaverkostojen ja pakottamisen avulla enemmän kuin instituutioiden ja muodollisten sääntöjen.[3] Personalistisia autoritaarihallintoja on ollut siirtomaa-ajan jälkeisessä Afrikassa. Populistinen autoritarismi perustuu karismaattiseen ja manipuloivaan vahvaan johtajaan, jonka koalitioon kuuluu alempien luokkien avainryhmiä.[3] Tällaisia ovat Juan Perónin Argentiina,[3] Nasserin Egypti[3] sekä Venezuela Hugo Chávezin ja Nicolás Maduron aikana.[4][5]

John Duckitt korostaa autoritarismin ja kollektivismin yhteyttä, koska molemmat vastustavat individualismia.[6] Ne asettavat ryhmän tavoitteet yksilöiden oikeuksien ja tavoitteiden sijalle.[7]

Autoritaarista valtiota hallitsee keskitetysti yksi henkilö tai juntta (esimerkiksi sotilasdiktatuuri). Hallinto toimii yleensä ilman kansanedustusta, tai edustuksellisuus on tiukasti rajattu hallinnon kannattajiin. Hallinnon toimien ulkopuolista valvontaa ei ole järjestetty. Tyypillisesti autoritaarisen valtion johto on tietty eliittiryhmä, joka vallassa pysyäkseen käyttää painostusta.

Autoritaarisuutta pidetään politiikassa yleisesti liberaalin tai demokraattisen asennoitumisen vastakohtana. Toisaalta esimerkiksi Richard Sakwa on tuonut esiin termin ”demokraattinen autoritaarisuus” (engl. democratic authoritarianism) perustellen tätä sillä, että autoritaarisuus syntyy sekä sisällöstä että prosessista.[8]

Usein romahtaa suoriutuessaan huonosti

Autoritaarisen hallinnon legitimiteetti on riippuvainen sen suorituskyvystä. Haasteiden tullen hallinto usein tiukentaa otettaan, jolloin sen on usein vaikea tyydyttää kansan tarpeita. Tämä voi viedä legitimiteetin ja kaataa autoritaarisen hallinnon.[9]

Singapore on esimerkki puoliautoritaarisesta hallinnosta, jonka aikana kansan elintaso on noussut moninkertaiseksi. Hallinto oikeuttaa toimintansa vetoamalla näihin hyötyihin ja tehokkuuteen, ja se ei-poliittisten kansalaisten elämään paljon vapauksia, myös talouselämä on harvinaisen vapaata. Muodollisesti maa on demokratia, mutta erilaisin keinoin opposition toiminta tehdään vaikeaksi.

Ideologinen hallinto,kuten totalitarismi, saattaa voida pysyä vallassa ideologiaansa vedoten ja tiukan kontrollin avulla, vaikka kansan elintaso olisi surkea. Vrt. Pohjois-Korea, Maon Kiina sekä 1980-luvun kommunistiset Etiopia ja Somalia. Silti kaikenlaiset hallinnot kaatuvat helpoimmin huonoina aikoina.

Autoritaarisen ja totalitaarisen hallinnon eroja

Totalitarismi tarkoittaa yleensä ideologiaan perustuvaa hallintoa, joka ulottuu kaikille elämän aloille (kommunismi, kansallissosialismi, ääri-islamismi, esimerkiksi Hitlerin, Maon ja Stalinin hallinnot). Autoritarismilla yleensä tarkoitetaan suppeampaa hallintoa, jossa valtio jättää tiettyä vapautta yksityiselämään ja talouteen. Se ei välttämättä perustu ideologiaan, mutta yleensä tällaiset valtiot luetaan autoritaarisiksi, vaikka ne olisivatkin ideologisia, kuten sosialistiset Chávezin ja Maduron Venezuela, Nasserin Egypti, Gaddafin Libya tai Sosialistisen ohjelman puolueen Burma (ks. luettelot tällä sivulla).

Yhdysvalloissa määriteltiin autoritarismin ero totalitarismiin Kirkpatrickin doktriinia sovellettaessa. Jeane Kirkpatrickin kehittämän doktriini saneli Yhdysvaltain ulkopolitiikkaa 1980-luvun alusta. Teorian mukaan lännen kanssa yhteistyötä tekevät ei-demokraattiset valtiot olivat ”autoritaarisia”, kun taas Neuvostoblokki oli ”totalitaarinen”. Kirkpatrickin mukaan totalitaariset valtiot olivat kestävämpiä ja siksi vaarallisempia kuin autoritaariset. Esimerkkejä autoritaarisista valtioista ja järjestöistä olivat Ferdinand Marcosin Filippiinit, sekä Angolan UNITA- ja Nicaraguan Contra-sissiliikkeet. Joidenkin määritelmien mukaan autoritaarista ja totalitaarista hallintoa erottaa pääasiassa se, että siinä kun autoritaarisessa yhteiskunnassa valtaa pitää yksi henkilö tai ihmisryhmä, niin totalitaarisessa yhteiskunnassa vallassa on yksi poliittinen tai uskonnollinen ideologia.

Nykyisiä esimerkkejä

Seuraavasta listasta muun muassa Pohjois-Korea ja ainakin vuosien 1949-1976 osalta Kiina luokitellaan totalitaristisiksi, koska niissä ideologinen hallinto tunkeutuu kaikille elämänaloille. Siksi niitä ja eräitä muita ei usein lasketa autoritaristisiksi.

Historiallisia esimerkkejä

Valtio Vuodet Valtapuolue tai johtaja
 Argentiina[79][80] 1966–1973 Sotilashallitus
1973–1974 Peronismi Juan Perónin valtakaudella
1976–1983 Jorge Rafael Videla
 Brasilia [81] 1937–1945 Getúlio Vargas
1964–1985 Sotilashallitus
 Burma [82] 1962–2011 Sotilashallitus. Burman sosialistisen ohjelman puolue
 Chile[83] 1973–1990 Augusto Pinochet
 Egypti[84] 1952–2011 Gamal Abdel Nasser, Anwar Sadat ja Hosni Mubarak
 Indonesia 1967–1998 Suharto
LibyaLibya[85] 1969–2011 Muammar Gaddafi
 Liettua[86] 1926–1940 Antanas Smetona
 Pohjois-Makedonia[87][88] 2006–2016 Nikola Gruevski
 Portugali[89] 1932–1974 António de Oliveira Salazar ja Marcelo Caetano
Espanja Espanja[90] 1936–1975 Francisco Franco
Etelä-Afrikka Etelä-Afrikka[91][92] 1948–1994 Kansallispuolue
 Etelä-Korea[93][94] 1948–1960 Syngman Rhee
1962–1987 Park Chung-hee ja Chun Doo-hwan
 Taiwan[95] 1945–1990 Kuomintang
 Turkki[96][97] 1925–1945 Tasavaltalainen kansanpuolue
 Zimbabwe[98] 1980–2017 Robert Mugabe

Konstantin Pätsin Viro

Esimerkki autoritaarisesta hallinnosta voisi olla Viron Konstantin Pätsin hallinto vuosina 1934–1938. Äärioikeistolaisten vapsien (vapaussoturien) ollessa voittamaisillaan vaalit Päts esti tämän hyödyntämällä näiden tahdosta jo säädettyä valtionpäämiehen oikeutta hallita ilman eduskuntaa. Päts julisti maahan poikkeustilan, toimi autoritaarisena yksinvaltiaana ja kielsi poliittiset puolueet. Vaikka järjestäytynyt poliittinen vastustus oli tällöin kielletty, jonkinasteinen oppositiotoiminta sallittiin. Kansanedustuksellisia elimiä ei poistettu, mutta esimerkiksi parlamenttia ei kutsuttu koolle, ja muiden elimien vaaleissa ehdokasasettelu rajattiin hallituksen kannattajiin. Päts valitutti itsensä riigivanemiksi ja presidentiksi. Poliittisia vastustajia painostettiin monin tavoin, ja vangitsemiset olivat yleisiä. Vastustajia ei kuitenkaan teloitettu. Viron myöhempi presidentti Lennart Meri on kuvannut Pätsin hallintoa pehmeäksi diktatuuriksi. Vuonna 1938 vapsien aseman heikennyttyä hän alkoi taas palauttaa demokraattisia elementtejä hallintoon.

Lähteet

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  3. ↑ a b c d e Mark J. Gasiorowski, [[[:Malline:Google books]] The Political Regimes Project], in On Measuring Democracy: Its Consequences and Concomitants (ed. Alex Inketes), 2006, p. 110–11.
  4. ↑ Juan de Onis, "After Chavez, Authoritarianism Still Threatens Latin America", World Affairs (May 15, 2013): "the followers of the late President Hugo Chávez continue to apply the playbook of authoritarian populism throughout Latin America in their pursuit of more power...one of the Mercosur partners are challenging the basic political practices of authoritarian populism implanted in Venezuela."
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  97. ↑ Ayse Gül Altinay, The Myth of the Military-Nation: Militarism, Gender, and Education in Turkey (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), pp. 19–20.
  98. ↑ Daniel Compagnon, A Predictable Tragedy: Robert Mugabe and the Collapse of Zimbabwe (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011).
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